Nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula: zizindikiro mpumulo, nyama ndi zomera

Woyendera nthambi ya nkhalango deciduous lili m'dera la Manchuria, Far East, mkati zoni kotentha Ulaya, kum'mawa China, North America. komanso mmoyo kum'mwera kwa America South ndi madera ena a ku Central Asia.

nkhalango yotakata-masamba Ambiri kumene akulamulira ofunda kotentha nyengo, ndi chiŵerengero cha kutentha ndi chinyezi - yabwino. Izi zimabweretsa zinthu zabwino pa nyengo kukula. Mapepala mbale mitengo kukula pali lonse, motero dzina la nkhalango. Tchulani ena anasonyeza malo achilengedwe? nkhalango yotakata-masamba mumakhala nyama zambiri, nyama zokwawa, mbalame ndi tizilombo.

mbali khalidwe

Makamaka nkhalango broadleaf pa choona kuti tiers awiri osiyana tingaone mu iwo. Mmodzi wa iwo - apamwamba, winayo - m'munsi. zitsamba nkhalango awa, udzu limakula zikupezeka tiers atatu, nthaka chivundikiro ukufanizidwa ndi lichens ndi ndere.

Chinthu china ndi kuunika boma. Mu nkhalango izi zimatulutsa awiri kuwala pazipita. Choyamba anati m'chaka, pamene mitengo si ataphimbidwa ndi masamba. The chachiwiri - mu kugwa pamene masamba thins. Chilimwe kuwala malowedwe ndi kochepa. Pamwamba mode anafotokoza mbali pa chivundikiro udzu.

nkhalango nthaka broadleaf wolemera mankhwala organic ndi mchere. Iwo amatero chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zomera zinyalala. Mitengo m'nkhalango deciduous ali phulusa. Makamaka zambiri za izo mu masamba - asanu peresenti. Ash Zikatero, wolemera mu kashiamu (makumi awiri peresenti ya chonse pamodzi). Mu kapangidwe kake mulinso potaziyamu (pafupifupi awiri peresenti) ndi pakachitsulo (mpaka cent pa atatu).

Mitengo m'nkhalango deciduous

Katawala wa mtundu uwu yodziwika ndi zosiyanasiyana wachuma wa mitundu mtengo. Last mukhoza kuwerenga za dazeni. Yotakata-masamba nkhalango nayonso Mwachitsanzo, si choncho wolemera pankhaniyi. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti nyengo wankhanza wa nayonso si monga mbali kukula ndi chitukuko cha zomera ndi. Ambiri udzafunidwa zikuchokera dothi ndi nyengo ya mitundu mtengo sadzapulumuka m'mikhalidwe yovuta.

Kum'mwera kwa dera Tula ndi nkhalango wotchuka. Iye amapereka lingaliro la chimene chingakhale nkhalango yotakata-masamba. Nthaka ya derali ndi yabwino kwa kukula kwa mitengo ngati mitengo petiolate, ang'ono-Ndalankhula laimu, aquifolium ndi munda maples, phulusa wamba, Elm, Elm, apulo zakutchire ndi peyala. Oaks ndi phulusa apamwamba, namtsata aquifolium maples, elms ndi linden. Otsika - munda mapulo, zakutchire peyala ndi apulo mitengo. Monga ulamuliro, malo lalikulu ndi wotanganidwa ndi thundu ndipo mitengo ina zinthu monga makina.

Tiyeni tione mwatsatanetsatane tatchulawa oimira dendroflora.

1. Oak. Ichi ndi zazikulu kuwala coniferous yotakata-Ndalankhula nkhalango m'gawo European. English thundu - mmodzi wa dolgorastuschih kwambiri ndi mitengo ikuluikulu. Umapezeka pa ziwembu pawekha landings umodzi. Ndi luso kulekerera kudulira Oak akhoza kupanga tapeworms okongola ndi ozungulira, obovate, shatrovidnymi korona mawonekedwe.
2. Elm. Yosalala ndi akhakula mitundu akupezeka mu nkhalango madera si wakuda. mitengo ikuluikulu zimapanga zochuluka gawo coniferous ndi nkhalango deciduous. Poyamba chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa malo, koma zaposachedwapa azimuth uyu utachepa chifukwa kufala kwa matenda, monga matenda Dutch wa Elm.
3. European phulusa. Zomera ukufika mamita atatu kapena makumi anai msinkhu. Mtengo amakhala ndi thunthu mwachilungamo molunjika, makungwa ndi kuwala imvi (ndi nthawi zifika mdima), lotayirira openwork korona, kuphonya kwambiri dzuwa. The mizu ali ndi yaikulu kwambiri, wamphamvu, masamba wandiweyani ndi tsache. The zimasiyanitsa Mbali - mkulu zofuna zikuchokera nthaka. phulusa European ndi mitundu ikuluikulu kuswana munda oteteza. kutenthaku ndi photophilous chomera, kasupe frosts amanyamula zoipa. Maluwa phulusa chikuchitika mu May, ndondomeko kubereketsa zomera anachita ndi mphepo. kusasitsa nthawi ya zipatso - October-November. Iwo kugwa kapena yozizira, kapena kasupe oyambirira.
4. Mumamera Forest. Kupitiriza kulanda amene mitengo kukula mu nkhalango mitundu osanenapo izo. Akafika mamita makumi mkulu ndi mamita chimodzi ndi theka awiri. Mumamera makungwa ndi kuwala imvi, elliptical masamba. madera akuluakulu yogawa - kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, Caucasus, Crimea. mtengo Home ya nkhalango mumamera ndi zipatso zake. mtedza thanzi zipse mu September-October. Iwo pafupifupi makumi atatu peresenti semidrying zigwirizana mafuta mafuta, yofanana - zinthu nitrogenous. zipatso wapatali alinso wolemera wowuma, shuga zidulo (citric ndi malic), tannins. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti alkaloid chakupha otchedwa fagin amamuchititsa kuwola ndinso pamene Kukuwotcha mtedza. Choncho amakhala otetezeka kwambiri thanzi la munthu. Zipatso kubala m'malo khofi, mu mawonekedwe pansi, iwo akuwonjezeka ufa ochiritsira pokonza mankhwala buledi. Mumamera kuthabwa ndi okongola ndi cholimba kukongoletsa zakuthupi.
5. Maple. nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula ili mbali European a Russia ndi Caucasus, yodziwika monga yabwino kukula chilengedwe aquifolium maples (wamba). Mitengo imeneyi amakula mamita makumi awiri mu msinkhu. masamba lalikulu, lakuda zobiriwira, ndi lobes asanu. Makungwa mtundu - imvi. Mphukira ndi masamba a mtengo uwu ankagwiritsa ntchito zochizira matenda osiyanasiyana. Mu mphatso izi chikhalidwe lili wambirimbiri ascorbic asidi, alkaloids, utoto. Decoctions ndi infusions kuchiza zilonda, kutukusira. Iwo kutulutsa choleretic, diuretic, antiseptic ndi analgesic zotsatira. Otsatira mankhwala azitsamba amadziwa mitengo m'nkhalango deciduous ndi wofunika kwambiri. Choncho, masamba mapulo ndi mphukira ali akulimbikitsidwa mankhwala a matenda a chikasu ndiyo, impso kuchotsa kunyansidwa ndi kusanza.

zitsamba

Bzalani nkhalango deciduous yodziwika ndi chachikulu ndi yotakata mbale tsamba. Chifukwa cha zimenezi zimatchedwa shirokotraviem thundu. Ena zitsamba kubwera pa chochitika chimodzi chokha, iwo konse kupanga m'nkhalango moti. Komabe, ena amapanga mtundu wa muofesiyo kuphimba m'madera ambiri. zitsamba oterowo ndi lalikulu. Ena mwa iwo ndi nthaka mkulu sedges ndi cheya Zelenchuk chikasu.

Ambiri herbaceous zomera kuti kulibe m'nkhalango mitundu ndi osatha. Iwo amakhala kwa zaka zingapo. Monga ulamuliro, moyo wawo anakhalabe ndi kafalitsidwe vegetative. Mbewu iwo zimaswana bwino. Mbali khalidwe la zomera - yaitali mobisa ndi aboveground mphukira, kukula mofulumira madera osiyana ndipo mwachangu zatsopano zosangalatsa dziko.

Mbali mlengalenga ambiri a oimira oakwood kufa kumbuyo m'dzinja. Overwinter yekha mu nthaka mizu ndi rhizomes. Iwo anakonza masamba yapadera imene mphukira zatsopano amatuluka mu kasupe.

Kupatulapo kwa ulamuliro

Osowa oimira shirokotravya kukhala wobiriwira mu dzinja ndi chirimwe. zomera zikuphatikizapo: Asarum, Zelenchuk, acheya sedge.

zitsamba

Koma mitundu imeneyi ya zomera, nkhalango awo deciduous kukumana zovuta. Iwo sachita chimakhala ndi minda, koma osati kwambiri pa nkhalango coniferous, kumene tchire kukula kulikonse. The blueberries Ambiri ntchito ndi cranberries.

"Anathamangira" ephemeroids adzakondwera

zomera izi akatswiri kuphunzira zomera za m'nkhalango, chidwi kwambiri. Pakati pawo, wamng'ono celandine, buttercup anemone, Corydalis osiyanasiyana ndipo gagea. zomera amakhala wamfupi, koma iwo akupanga mofulumira kwambiri. mofulumira Ephemeroids abadwe yomweyo pambuyo mofulumira pa chivundikiro chisanu. Ena makamaka frisky rostochku njira zawo ngakhale chofewa. Pambuyo pa sabata, pa ambiri awiri, masamba awo maluwa kale ukufalikira. Patapita milungu ingapo pakubwera yakucha ya zipatso ndi mbewu. zomera sangagone pansi, kutembenukira chikasu, ndiye kuti gawo la iwo limene lili pamwambapa nthaka akamwalira. Komanso, mnjira limapezekanso pa pachiyambi cha nyengo ya chilimwe, pamene, monga zingaoneke, zinthu kwa kukula ndi chitukuko ya yabwino kwambiri. Chinsinsi ndi yosavuta. Mu ephemeroids eni kayendedwe ka moyo, wosiyana mtundu wa zithunzi chitukuko cha zomera zina. Iwo pachimake kwa maluwa zonse yekha m'chaka ndi chirimwe kwa iwo - ndi nthawi zimawonongeka.

Ambiri ndithu nthawi chitukuko - oyambirira masika. Pa nthawi ino ya chaka mu nkhalango pali pazipita kuchuluka kwa kuwala, monga zitsamba ndi mitengo sizinathe kuthi nkhungu wobiriwira chivundikirocho. Komanso, nthawi imeneyi nthaka ladzala ndi chinyezi optimally. Koma kutentha chilimwe, ephemeroids sizikusoweka. zomera zonsezi osatha. Iwo siumafa pambuyo gawo lawo mlengalenga uphwetsa. Kukhala mizu mobisa anapereka tubers, mababu kapena rhizomes. Matupi amenewa ali ndi repositories zakudya, makamaka wowuma. Ndicho chifukwa zimayambira, masamba ndi maluwa kuonekera kwambiri oyambirira ndi kukula kwambiri mofulumira.

Ephemeroids sizachilendo m'mabuku deciduous zomera thundu nkhalango. Palimodzi pali khumi mitundu. maluwa awo utoto wowala wofiirira, ulusi, wachikasu. Pa maluwa ephemeroids kupanga wandiweyani wokongola pamphasa.

ndere

Russian nkhalango yotakata-masamba ndi malo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ndere. Mosiyana ndi nkhalango boreal imene zomera kupanga wandiweyani wobiriwira nthaka chivundikiro mu thundu Moss waphimbika nthaka si choncho ambiri. Udindo wa ndere mu nkhalango broadleaf wodzichepetsa kwambiri. chifukwa chachikulu n'chakuti tsamba zinyalala za nkhalango broadleaf zimawononga mphamvu pa zomera.

zomera

Nyama Russian nkhalango yotakata-masamba - izo ungulates, carnivores, insectivores, makoswe ndi zibonga. The zosiyanasiyana kwambiri zimawonedwa m'madera amene Sali wokhudzidwa ndi munthu. Motero, nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula, mukhoza kuona nswala, Boar zakutchire, mphalapala ugonere, sika komanso nyama wofiira, mbawala. Detachment cha adani ukufanizidwa ndi nkhandwe, nkhandwe, marten, ermine ndi weasels. nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula, zinyama zomwe ali wolemera zosiyanasiyana, mumakhala beavers, agologolo, abwampini ndi nutria. Komanso, madera awa anthu mbewa, mbewa, timadontho-timadontho, hedgehogs, shrews, njoka, abuluzi ndi chithaphwi akamba.

Mbalame deciduous nkhalango - larks, mbalame, warblers, akawelewele, flycatchers, kumeza, starlings. Palinso kunyumba kwa makungubwe, Makwangwala Olimbana, grouse, woodpeckers, crossbill, jackdaws, grouse. Mbalame zodya nyama ankaimira hawks, akadzidzi, akadzidzi, ndipo kadzidzi ndi lunyami. M'madambo - kunyumba kwa mbalamezi zimakumana, cranes, herons, gulls, abakha ndi atsekwe.

M'mbuyomu, nkhalango yotakata-Ndalankhula anali litadzala ndi njati. Tsopano, mwatsoka, ndi makumi angapo a anthu. Nyama zimenezi ndiotetezedwa mwa lamulo. Iwo amakhala mu Bialowieza Forest (Belarus), mu Oka Reserve Terras (Russian Federation), m'mayiko ena a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi ku Poland. nyama angapo kusamutsidwa kwa Caucasus. Apo iwo pamodzi ndi njati.

chiwerengero cha gwape nayenso akusinthasintha a. Iwo anakhala zochepa kwambiri chifukwa cha zinthu woipitsitsawu wa munthu. Chachikulu kudula mitengo ndi minda yolima kukhala chimawononga nyama wokongola. Deer angafikire mamita awiri yaitali ndi mazana atatu makumi kilogalamu kulemera. Kawirikawiri amakhala ng'ombe yaing'ono nyama teni. Lalikulu nthawi zambiri ndi wamkazi. Iye amakhala naye ndi mbewu yake.

M'dzinja nthawizina amuna kusonkhanitsa ngati harem. Amatikumbutsa lipenga kubangula awo ikuchitika padziko makilomita atatu kapena anayi mozungulira. Nswala bwino kwambiri, anapambana nkhondo Otsutsa wake akhoza kusonkhanitsa kwa iye kuti akazi makumi awiri. Choncho anapanga mtundu wina wa agwape ng'ombe. Kumayambiriro kwa chilimwe, mphalapala amabadwa aang'ono. Iwo anabadwa akulemera makilogalamu eyiti kwa khumi. miyezi sikisi aona kwafalikira. amuna Yearling tikhale nyanga.

mbawala yamphongo kudya udzu, masamba ndi zimayambira wa mitengo, bowa, lichens, bango, chowawa. Koma masingano chakudya chawo si bwino konse. Mu nswala kuthengo moyo kwa zaka fifitini. Mu ukapolo, chithunzi ichi adzakhala kawiri.

Beavers - ngakhale ena okhala nkhalango deciduous. Zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa iwo alipo ku Ulaya, North America ndi Asia. The pazipita olembedwa kulemera kwa chinyama ichi - makilogalamu makumi atatu ndi kutalika kwa thupi - mita imodzi. Bobrov chimasiyanitsa thupi chachikulu ndi mchira flattened. Webbing pakati pa zala za miyendo kunsana kuti adzithandiza moyo madzi. Ubweya mtundu akhoza zimasiyana bulauni kuwala wakuda. Oiling tsitsi lake chinsinsi wapadera, beavers ndiotetezedwa kupeza yonyowa. Pamene kumizidwa m'madzi makutu a nyama adawonjeza m'mphuno kutsekedwa. Ndalama mowa mpweya zimamuthandiza kukhala pansi pa madzi kwa mphindi mpaka fifitini. Beavers amakonda kuthetsa m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo oxbow nyanja ndi wosakwiya mitsinje. Iwo amakopeka ndi zambiri zomera m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndipo m'madzi. Beavers nyumba ndi dzenje kapena m'kanyumba pachiyambi, khomo lomwe ndi pansi padziko madzi. Damu kumanga nyama ngati madzi ndi osakhazikika. Ndiyamika maofesi awa ndi Lamulo paulimi kulola kulowa m'nyumba m'madzi. nthambi Peregryzanie ndipo ngakhale mitengo yaikulu beavers anapatsidwa mosavuta. Choncho, Aspen masentimita awiri awiri, atengeke nyama mu mphindi ziwiri. chakudya awo ankakonda - nzimbe. Komanso, si mantha kudya Iris, maluwa madzi, mimba zikuluzikulu. Beavers amakhala m'mabanja. nyama Young akupita kukafuna awiri m'chaka chachitatu cha moyo.

Wild nkhumba - wina kawirikawiri anthu a m'nkhalango deciduous. Ali ndi mutu waukulu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri yaitali ikhale pamphuno. The chida champhamvu kwambiri nyama - lakuthwa triangular mano kuti ndichotse oposa ndipo m'mbuyo. Masomphenya mu nkhumba si zabwino kwambiri, koma izi kuchepetsa ndi kumva kwambiri ndipo ankatha kununkhiza. toyesa Large kufika kulemera kwa makilogalamu mazana atatu. thupi nyama kutetezedwa bristles woderapo. Iye ndi wamphamvu kwambiri.

Boar - othamanga kwambiri ndi osambira. Nyama zimenezi kugonjetsa mphamvu za kusambira dziwe, m'lifupi makilomita ochepa. Maziko chakudya tichipeza zomera, koma tikhoza kunena kuti nkhumba ndi omnivores. chakudya awo ankakonda - zipatso zokwana ndi mtedza mumamera ndipo iwo sudzapereka pa achule, mbewa, mwana mbalame, tizilombo ndi njoka.

oimira zokwawa

nkhalango Deciduous lokhalamo Adders, njoka, mphiri, veretennitsami, wobiriwira ndi buluzi. Chiopsezo kuti anthu zikuimira ndi mamba. Anthu ambiri molakwa kuti yemweyo chakupha mphiri, koma izo siziri. Ochuluka kuposa broadleaf nkhalango chokwawa - njoka.

mbali mpumulo

Woyendera nthambi ya nkhalango deciduous (kuphatikizapo) mu gawo European la Russia svoebrazny ndipamene kansalu, m'munsi mwa limene lili m'malire a kumadzulo kwa dzikolo, ndipo nsonga linkakhala mu mapiri a Ural. Popeza dera limeneli osati kamodzi ataphimbidwa ndi ayezi chokhala m'nthawi Quaternary, zimachititsa chilumbachi ake makamaka akakhala. Zizindikiro odziwika ya kukhalapo kwa Valdai glacier anapulumuka mu kumpoto chakumadzulo. Pali zone wa deciduous ndi kusakaniza nkhalango amakhala ndi mapiri wachisokonezo milu zitunda phompho, anatseka nyanja ndi mabeseni. m'mwera anafotokoza gawo ankaimira sekondale moraine zigwa amene anapanga chifukwa kuchepetsa wa okonda pamwamba m'madera mapiri. Relief wosanganiza ndi broadleaf nkhalango yodziwika ndi pamaso pa mchenga wa zigwa osiyana kukula. anachokera - madzi glacial. Ali waviness, nthawi zina amapezeka kutchulidwa mumchenga.

Coniferous-deciduous nkhalango ya Russian Plain

zone ili mu zone Nyengo. Nyengo ndi wofatsa ndi chinyezi. Nthaka m'madera amenewa sod-podzolic. The moyandikana ya Atlantic Ocean zinachititsa kuti zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi. Maukonde mtsinje mu nkhalango coniferous ndi deciduous bwino anakamba. Madamu yodziwika ndi dera lalikulu.

Ntchito anachititsa eutrophication ndondomeko moyandikana pansi ndi chinyezi nyengo. Kawirikawiri zomera udzu chivundikirocho ndi lonse masamba tsamba.

Pomaliza

Yotakata-masamba nkhalango m'gawo la Europe, m'gulu m'chilengedwe pangozi. Ndipo patatha zaka ziwiri kapena zitatu zapitazo, iwo anali mmodzi wa anthu osiyanasiyana kwambiri pa dziko ndi ili mu ambiri a ku Ulaya. Motero, zaka khumi mphambu zisanu-chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu iwo anali ndi dera mahekala mamiliyoni angapo. Lero, iwo sali mahekitala oposa zikwi zana.

Mu zaka za m'ma makumi awiri sinawonongeke anali makombo a m'mbuyomu yaikulu broadleaved lamba yekha. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka zino pa madera kanthu anayesapo kukula mitengo. Komabe, zimenezi sizinasangalatse kovuta: imfa ya mnyamata Dubrov minda anali wabwino chilala zonse. Pamene maphunziro akhala akufufuza, zimene zinachititsa wotchuka Russian malo, Dokuchaev. Chifukwa, chinapezeka kuti kulephera kukula mitengo yatsopano imakhudzana ndi kudula mitengo zikuluzikulu, monga kosatha anasintha boma hydrological ndi nyengo za gawolo.

Pakali pano, m'madera kale wotanganidwa ndi nkhalango mitundu nkhalango yachiwiri kukula, komanso m'minda yokumba. Iwo kufunga conifers. Mwatsoka, ngati akatswiri onani, mphamvu ndiponso dongosolo la nkhalango zachilengedwe thundu sangathe anachira.