Mid-nyanja zitunda. Tectonic dongosolo apakatikati lokwera

Kapangidwe ndi zamoyo wa kutumphuka dziko lapansi anatsimikiza ndi chitukuko osati komanso magwero a zimachititsa chilumbachi ambiri a pansi pa madzi. magulu awiri kusiyana pano: zikuluzikulu yachonde monga chodabwitsa ndi Transitional mtundu Kapangidwe ka kutumphuka ndi lokwera apakatikati ndi zigwa abyssal ndi kunkhondo.

kuyesa m'kagulu

Pakuti generalization mfundo za kapangidwe ka pansi pa madzi limodzi mapulaneti dongosolo waikidwa. zitunda m'ma nyanja ili pafupi pakati pa waukulu mipata zikuluzikulu, nagawira m'zigawo ofanana. Pali ziwembu zingapo pa gulu. Menard, mwachitsanzo, chimasiyanitsa iwo motere:

• lonse zitunda m'madzi ndi kutchulidwa seismicity (mwachitsanzo East Pacific.);
• M'madzi zitunda yopapatiza ndi otsetsereka ndi ntchito zivomerezi (mwachitsanzo Mid-Atlantic Ridge.);
• yopapatiza ndipo phompho, koma osati ndi zitunda m'madzi zivomerezi ntchito (mwachitsanzo., ndipo Avereji ya Pacific Tuamotu).

Malinga GB Udintsevu, zitunda m'ma nyanja alibe analogues pa dziko. D. G. Panov m'gulu zitunda m'madzi mu Pacific Ocean m'makona a nsanja - mkati ndi kunja - ndipo ankawachitira monga analogues wa nsanja chokhala. Komabe, apakatikati lokwera tectonic dongosolo sangathe wachinsinsi monga tectonics lapansi. Kwambiri mkulu matalikidwe a mosinthana tectonic ndi grandly pa zimakhalanso chokhala - nyumba pansi.

mapangidwe

Mmodzi wa mitundu yofala formations thanthwe nyanja - migodi nyanja. Koposa zonse, awo ndi Pacific Ocean. Pali mitundu iwiri:

• uplifts anticlinal lembani ndi miyala yakale kwambiri mu pakati;
• zikuluzikulu zikuchitika migodi ya cones chiphala, kuphatikizapo mapiri zinatha (Guyot).

mapangidwe nthawi

Middle-Age osiyanasiyana anatsimikiza ndi kapangidwe ka matanthwe a - chokhala kapena zikuluzikulu izo. Mukhoza kuona madera ambiri mogwirizana ndi nyumba Alpine, mwamphamvu zikukhudza kwambiri adatchithisira mu nyanja. Mwachitsanzo, dera pafupi ndi nyanja Fiji.

Mid-nyanja zitunda anticlinal - otsetsereka waulemu ndi ena n'zochepa kwambiri m'madzi mapiri - pafupifupi dismembered. Izi ndi utangoyamba, ndi losavuta mitundu ya mapindikidwe a pansi pa madzi mu mawonekedwe a Kugawikana nsanja ndipo kwambiri zivomerezi ndi chiphala ntchito. Monga inu mukudziwa, onse anayamba pa Cenozoic Quaternary. maphunziro Anticlinal - m'ma nyanja zitunda - anapanga ndi kukula ndi tsopano.

Mtundu wachiwiri wa formations thanthwe nyanja - mitengo nyanja - zambiri mu msinkhu ndi kutalika. Linearly elongate kukweza ndi otsetsereka mosabisa ndi laling'ono kwambiri makulidwe a kotekisi lapansi. nyumba imeneyi zambiri zitunda m'ma nyanja. Zitsanzo: South Pacific, East Pacific ndi ena.

Izi ndi mapangidwe kwambiri wakale, mapiri inakhazikitsidwa pa iwo pa nthawi Ukachenjede, ndipo kenako kukhala seamount anapitiriza. Kugawikana zolephera kwambiri linabwerezedwa kangapo.

Kapangidwe ka lokwera m'ma nyanja

Ocean zitunda m'madera a kugawikana - ndi mtunda kovuta kwambiri. The sharpest magawano dongosolo amapezeka m'madera maonekedwe a zitunda Mid-nyanja, monga nyanja ya Atlantic ndi nyanja ya Indian ndi South Pacific, ndi Kumwera Ocean kuyambira woyendera nthambi African pakati pa Australia ndi Antarctica.

Chimodzi cha zinthu zoipitsitsa kwambiri khalidwe la mtundu wa kapangidwe - grabens (m'zigwa zakuya), flanking angapo (makilomita atatu) nsonga yapamwamba, alternating mwadzidzidzi ataliatali cones chiphala. A pang'ono ngati khalidwe ya m'mapiri dongosolo, koma amasiyanitsa kwambiri dismemberment kutchulidwa kuposa mu dongosolo chokhala wa malamba phiri.

Popeza ndi sekondale (ndipo fractional) kugawa, amene ali lokwera apakatikati ndi otsetsereka ake onse, tikhoza kulankhula za zizindikiro za mapangidwe posachedwapa kosangalatsa. Ndiye pansi pa otsetsereka a alipo yamakhonde lathyathyathya pamwamba ndi masitepe, osiyana Chrixitu. Izi kale sitepe zolakwa. Alimiwa - Rift Valley, chimene ukugawa apakatikati lokwera theka.

Kodi chimafika mapulaneti zikuluzikulu wovulala, anatsimikiza mtima mabacteria ndi fupa lothyoka. Awa ndi kutchulidwa mawonekedwe a chiwonetsero cha tectonics pa mwendo otsiriza lalikulu nthawi miyala. Tectonic dongosolo apakatikati Malowa angakhale osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, Kamchatka - dera njira yogwira tectonic, kuphulika kwa mapiri pali zamakono zonse. Okhotsk chipika lithospheric mbale kukonzedwa zikuluzikulu kutumphuka kupanga chokhala ndi lokwera apakatikati a Kamchatka - chinthu polojekiti mosalekeza kwa ndondomekoyi.

malo

mbale Lithospheric ndi zoyenda ndi kukankha (otchedwa divirgentsii) atatembenuzidwa kutumphuka zawo zikuluzikulu. Kama wa nyanja likutuluka, n'kupanga m'ma nyanja zitunda. Iwo akhala wachinsinsi mu makumi asanu zaka mazana makumi awiri mu dziko lapansi ndi nawo yogwira Soviet Union.

zitunda m'ma nyanja ndi utali wonse wa makilomita oposa makumi asanu zikwi. Mukhoza kuyamba ndi Gakkel Ridge mu Ocean Arctic - ku Nyanja Laptev kuti Spitsbergen. Pitirizani mosalekeza mzere kum'mwera. Apo, Mid-Atlantic Ridge umachokera kwa Bouvet Island.

Kenako Cholozera amatsogolera ndi kumadzulo - ndi American linakwanitsa Ridge, ndi kum'mawa - ndi African linakwanitsa, kupitiriza kum'mwera kumadzulo Indian Ocean. Apanso, patatu mphambano - Mluya-Indian Ridge ayenera kukhala meridian, ndi Southeast Indian Ocean anakafika ku Australasian Antarctic.

Izi si mapeto a mzere. Kupitiriza kwa South Pacific Tauka, pakubwezeretsa mu East Pacific Rise, amene amapita ku kumpoto kwa California, ku San Andreas vuto. Izi pamakhala pakati lokwera Juan de Fuca - kwa Canada.

Belted dziko kangapo mzere anaika Cholozera, amasonyeza kumene maonekedwe a zitunda m'ma nyanja. Iwo ali paliponse.

mpumulo

zitunda m'ma nyanja anapanga Padziko Lapansi ngati mkanda chimphona ndi makilomita theka zikwi m'lifupi, kutalika mabeseni latha ndi atatu, ndi makilomita anayi. Nthawi zina vreshiny protrude kuchokera mu kuya kwa nyanja, n'kupanga zilumba, makamaka chiphala.

Ngakhale Crest wa lokwera ikufika m'lifupi wamtunda wokwana milingo zana limodzi. kukongola zapadera zotipatsa nkhanza ruggedness wa mtunda ndi kapangidwe kwambiri ang'ono-chipika. Pamodzi lokwera olamulira chimafikira zambiri Rift Valley makilomita makumi atatu m'lifupi ndi kugaŵikana ofananira (anayi ndi asanu kilometre lonse kudula kutalika ndi mazana ochuluka a mamita).

Pansi pa kugaŵikana pano mapiri wamng'ono, anazungulira hydrotherms - akasupe kuti secrete zitsulo sulfides (siliva, kutsogolera cadmium, chitsulo, mkuwa, nthaka). Pali nthawi zonse zivomezi yaing'ono.

Mu kugawanika kotereku kumachitika ofananira chiphalaphala zipinda ogwirizana kilometre, ndiye mokwanira yopapatiza ndimeyi ndi kuphulika chapakati pansi pa kudula lapansi. Dzanja Mitandadza zambiri onse Crest - mazana ndi mazana makilomita. Iwo anaphimba ndi zigawo za madipoziti chiphalaphala.

Osati mbali zonse za dongosolo nzofanana: ena zitunda m'ma nyanja ndi onse ndipo pofuna, m'malo Rift Valley ndi ziyerekezo wa kutumphuka zikuluzikulu. Mwachitsanzo, East Pacific Tauka ndi South Pacific ndi ena.

Lililonse lokwera medial kuligaŵa pamodzi asinthe (ie, yopingasa) zolakwa mu malo ambiri. Zolakwa awa, lokwera olamulira ankatembenukira ndi mtunda wa mazana makilomita. m'madera ndizi ali anangotengeka mu ufa ndi, ie, matendawa, ena amene dostinayut kuti makilomita asanu ndi atatu kuya.

Motalikitsa m'madzi unyolo phiri

Motalika kwambiri mwa lokwera m'ma nyanja ili pansi pa nyanja ya Atlantic. Iye amauza North America ndi Eurasian mbale tectonic. Zimatengera Mid-Atlantic Ridge 18 000 makilomita. Mbali iyi ya dongosolo la zitunda zikuluzikulu mu makilomita makumi zikwi.

Amakhala apakatikati lokwera ya Atlantic ndi chiwerengero pang'ono zing'onozing'ono: Knipovich zitunda ndi Mona, Iceland-Yanmayetsky ndi Reykjanes, komanso lalikulu kwambiri - kutalika kwa makilomita oposa zikwi zisanu ndi zitatu za North Atlantic Ridge ndi khumi ndi makilomita theka zikwi - ndi South Atlantic.

Apa mapiri kwambiri, kuti iwo anapanga unyolo zilumba: chiri Azores ndi Bermuda, ndipo ngakhale Iceland, Saint Helena, chisumbu cha Ascension, Bouvet, Gough, Tristan da Cunha, ndipo ambiri ang'onoang'ono.

kuwerengetsera Geological kuti lokwera pakati anapanga mu nthawi Triassic. fractures yopingasa ndi osamukira olamulira kuti makilomita asanu. Pamwamba pa lokwera zovuta tichipeza basalts tholeiitic, ndi pansi - ndi amphibolites ndi ophiolites.

Global dongosolo Positioning

Kapangidwe olemekezeka m'nyanja - Tambasula makilomita sikisite zikwi za zitunda m'ma nyanja. Iwo anali ogaŵikana awiri amachepetsa pafupifupi wofanana Atlantic Ocean ndi Indian - patatu. Mu Pacific middleness mopepuka amawapopa mpaka: mkanda zitunda anasamukira pansi pambali, kuti America South kenako Korinto pakati lonselo kuthawa pansi kumtunda kwa North America.

Ngakhale yaing'ono Arctic Ocean ali Gakkel Ridge, amene akuonekera bwino dongosolo tectonic wa lokwera m'ma m'nyanja Matanthawuzo kuwukitsa m'ma nyanja.

Ikulu kutupa pansi pa madzi - ndi malire a mbale lithospheric. padziko lapansi ali ndi mbale mbale izi, zomwe sizidzipezera lezhitsya pa malopo: iwo mowirikiza kukwawa pa wina ndi mzake, kuswa m'mbali, kumasuka chiphalaphala ndi nyumba mothandizidwa ndi thupi lake latsopano. Mwachitsanzo, North America mbale yokutidwa ndi m'mphepete ake oyandikana awiri, kupanga zitunda Khwalala ya Juan de Fuca ndi Gorda. Anatsegula, lithospheric mbale zambiri infringes pa ndipo anatenga gawo la mbale pena paliponse. M'maiko kuvutika chifukwa ambiri a zonse. Iwo ali mu masewerawa kuyang'ana ngati zitunda: kontinenti kuchoka zikuluzikulu kutumphuka, kukweza iye, onongani ndi kumatula.

Rift

Mu mzinda wa chigawo Mitandadza mitsinje ya kuwuka chiphalaphala motsatizana kutumphuka dziko lapansi ndi kuswa m'mbali ake. Nathirapo pansi, ndi chiphalaphala akamazizira, kuwonjezera osiyanasiyana misa. Ndiye chidutswa yatsopano ya chobvala kusungunula chiphwanya ndi udzaphwanya maziko latsopano, ndi chirichonse mobwerezabwereza. Choncho nyanja zikuchulukirachulukira matanthwe a pansi padziko. Zimenezi amatchedwa kufalikira.

kufalitsa liwiro (a pansi pa nyanja) amasankha kusintha maonekedwe zitunda pa chigawo wina ndi mzake. Ndipo ndi pa nyumba imodzi. Kodi osiyana liwiro osiyanasiyana mu mpumulo kusintha kwathunthu.

Kodi mlingo kufalitsa ndi otsika (mwachitsanzo. Rift Tajura) anapanga yaikulu sitima zapamadzi zigwa ndi mapiri yogwira pansi. Iwo kuyenda pansi pa madzi m'munsimu Crest anayi mamita, kumene zochotsa pang'onopang'ono masitepe yamakhonde pa zana - zana ndi makumi asanu mamita lililonse. Rift uwu mu Nyanja Yofiira, ndipo m'madera ambiri a Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Chotero mapiri zikuluzikulu kukula pang'onopang'ono, masentimita angapo pa chaka.

Pa liwilo kufalitsa ranges (makamaka-gawo mtanda) ndi izi: chapakati zochotsa theka kilometre ndi pamwamba mpumulo waukulu chokongoletsedwa chiphala unyolo. Chotero, mwachitsanzo, East Pacific Tauka. Apa chigwa alibe nthawi kupanga, ndi mlingo wa kuwonjezeka kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko m'nyanja ndi mkulu - 18-20 masentimita pa chaka. Choncho n'zotheka kudziwa msinkhu ndi apakatikati lokwera.

A chodabwitsa wapadera - "wakuda osuta"

Tectonic dongosolo apakatikati lokwera analola kuonekera chidwi chodabwitsa chilengedwe monga "wakuda wosuta". Hot chiphalaphala likamatenthetsa madzi nyanja digiri mazana atatu makumi asanu. madzi mudatuluka kwa boti, ngati panali amenewa ndi zosaneneka nyanja mavuto makilomita ambiri wandiweyani.

Chiphalaphala amanyamula osiyana mankhwala mankhwala, amene amasungunula mu madzi, mwa kuchita kupanga asidi sulfuric. Sulfuric asidi, nayenso, amasungunula mchere ambiri asonkhana chiphalaphala, interacts nawo ndi ndipamene sulfure ndi mankhwala zitsulo (sulfides).

The precipitate wa iwo itagwa phirilo kutalika pafupifupi makumi meters, mkati chimene onse a zochita pamwamba kupitiriza. Top phirilo nyamuka njira incandescent sulphide ndi chifuniro akuona mitambo yakuda.

chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Komabe, likubwerali ngozi. Chidwi kwambiri ndi zobisika ndi achangu gawo lililonse phirilo ndi mazana ochuluka a mamita mkulu. Ndipo kwambiri kuposa Ostankino nsanja mwachitsanzo. Pamene cones ndi ambiri, zikuoneka kuti pali ntchito mobisa (ndi m'madzi) chinsinsi mbewu. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu magulu.

Chapakati osiyanasiyana Kamchatka

Malo a pachilumbachi ndi wapadera. The mapiri, ndilo okulira lokwera pa za Kamchatka Peninsula - chapakati osiyanasiyana. m'litali ndi 1200 Km, akuthamanga kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera, ndi kumapitirira nambala yaikulu mapiri - ambiri a chithokomiro ndi stratovolcanoes. Icho chiri apo ndi yachonde chiphalaphala, ndi ena m'mapiri ndiponso mapiri akutali yokutidwa ndi oundana wosatha. Pamene chionekera bwino kwambiri Bystrinsky, Kozyrevsky Malkinskiy ndi zitunda.

Mwapamwamba mfundo - 3621 mamita - Ichinsky. Pafupifupi kuchulutsa nacho mapiri ambiri: Alna, Khuvkhoitun, Shishelov, pachimake Sopka. Lokwera wapangidwa ndi twente eyiti wa mipita khumi ndi nsonga, ambiri amene ali mu gawo la kumpoto. Chigawo chapakati ali mtunda wautali pakati pamwamba, kum'mwera - mkulu ruggedness pa magulu asymmetric.

Apakatikati tectonic dongosolo Kamchatka lokwera inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka yaitali mogwirizana waukulu lithospheric mbale - Pacific, Kula, Eurasian ndi North America.