Zochita Mkhalidwe

nthambi izi sayansi umagwirira mawunikidwe, imaphunzira zikuchokera ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu mankhwala. Izo ntchito kuphunzira mankhwala osadziwika kapena zosakaniza. kusanthula Mkhalidwe kudziwa kupezeka kapena kusapezeka kwa zinthu kapena ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira mu mankhwala pawiri, ndi kusanthula kachulukidwe zikuphatikizapo mtima wa mankhwala mankhwala chitsanzo, i.e., chiwerengero cha zigawo apanga kusakaniza. Yoganizira Mkhalidwe wa ntchito khalidwe la zinthu zina za zochita mankhwala kuti n'zosavuta kuchita. mayesero Mkhalidwe kulola ananena zotsatira ankayembekezera kapena kusowa kwa iwo.

umagwirira Analytical kusiyana njira zatsopano ndi a kusanthula ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zawo zothandiza, komanso kuphunzira maziko ongolankhula njira mawunikidwe. Anthu aluso mu mwini njira mankhwala, thupi ndi physico-mankhwala kusanthula. Pa mitima ya ambiri mwa iwo ndi zochita Mkhalidwe ntchito kupeza ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi nyengo komanso mankhwala m'gulu zikuchokera zitsanzo za. Kuphunzira Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe zikuchokera ntchito:

• kusanthula elemental (anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera elemental);
• kusanthula maselo (anapereka kapangidwe ka mankhwala pa mlingo maselo);
• kusanthula structural (a mtundu wa kusanthula maselo, kufufuza kapangidwe okhudza malo wa maatomu ndi mamolekyulu, awo kulemera maselo ndi chilinganizo wazotsatira);
• kusanthula zinchito (mankhwala organic kuphunzira ndi magulu zinchito).

Choncho, mukhoza kuzindikira onse mankhwala zochita kupanga ndi organic. Pamaso pa zinthu zina amaoneka kapena kutha coloration anamasulidwa kapena kusungunuka precipitate anati effervescence ndi ena. Ngati khalidwe la zimene amasankhidwa molondola, i.e. kusankha (kusankha) kwa cation makamaka kapena anion, komanso kuzindikira mwachangu (i.e., pakhomo kudziwika akulola pang'ono), ndipo zotsatira zake zidzakhala chifukwa odalirika - mapeto a kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka mwa chitsanzo foni kapena thunthu . Maziko a zofufuza izi ndi njira amadzimadzi kudziwika amaayoni Mkhalidwe anachita.

Pakuti mankhwala zochita kupanga, iwo nthawi zambiri zimachitika njira amadzimadzi, koma mu nkhani ya cations soda zounikira ikuchitika posankha salt youma pafupifupi (yotentha) mzimu nyali lawi. The cations wa lifiyamu (Li +) Kodi chekeni lawi la mu mdima pinki mtundu. cations potaziyamu (K +) - ndi violet, sodium (Na +) - chikasu, rubidium (RB +) - wofiira, cesium (CS +) - mu buluu. cations Mkhalidwe anachita akhoza ikuchitika kwa salt barium: pamaso pa cations barium (Ba2 +) wayikidwa powonjezera pa reagent kuti ayoni sulphate (SO42-), kuyambira chifukwa barium sulphate woterowu mtundu woyera, zomwe si kupasuka mu zidulo: Ba2 + + SO42- → BaSO4 ↓. Pamaso pa kutsogolera cation (Pb2 +) anapeza atadziŵa amadzimadzi mchere njira sulfide (S2-), chifukwa cha sulfide kutsogolera aumbike, amene precipitates monga wakuda precipitate: Pb2 + + S2- → PBS ↓. Chotero odziwika bwino zochita Mkhalidwe, onse cations ndi anions zambiri, ndipo iwo amatchedwa Analytical Chemistry.

Posankha ayankhe apamwamba kwa nyemba mayeso, ndi zothandiza kudziwa malamulo onse a solubility wa mankhwala:

1. ku feteleza onse sungunuka.
2. Pafupifupi onse potaziyamu, sodium ndi ammonium salt ndi sungunuka.
3. chlorides onse, bromides ndi iodides ndi sungunuka, kupatula siliva halide, Mercury (I) ndi PB (II).
4. Onse sulfates sungunuka, kupatula barium sulphate, strontium ndi kutsogolera (II), amene insoluble, ndi kashiamu sulphate ndi siliva, amene amtengo sungunuka.
5. carbonates onse, sulfites ndi phosphates ndi insoluble kupatula carbonates, sulphites ndi phosphates potassium soda ndi ammonium.
6. sulfides onse insoluble kupatula sulfides zitsulo soda, zitsulo zamchere lapansi ndi ammonium.
7. hydroxides onse insoluble kupatula hydroxides zamchere zitsulo. Strontium hydroxide, calcium ndi barium ndi mouma sungunuka.

Zinthu zimenezi organic monga alkanes (paraffin chimasanduka) kapena alkenes (unsaturated chimasanduka) angathe kuonedwa ntchito njira ya permanganate potassium amene m'nkhani yoyamba sadzasintha mtundu chake chimasanduka paraffinic ndi permanganate samva mu kuzizira. Ngati chachiwiri, yankho limakhala colorless chifukwa kutayikira Wagner anachita (mwachitsanzo, ethylene): 2KMnO4 + 3C2H4 + 4H2O - → 2KOH + 3CH2OH-CH2OH + 2MnO2 ↓. Chifukwa, akutsikira pa manganese woipa precipitate kukhala mtundu brownish. Mapuloteni ndi zovuta mankhwala organic kuti kupereka ntchito yofunika chilichonse chamoyo moyo. Awo yaikulu akonzedwa, kutanthauzira ndi zofunika kwambiri zothandiza. zochita Mkhalidwe zonsezo ntchito zolinga zimenezi, iwo anawagawa mtundu ndi dzina. Ndi thandizo lawo, si anatsimikiza ndi mapuloteni okha, ndi amino zidulo ali iwo.