Xinhai utasintha mu China: patsogolo ndi zotsatira za zisinthe

Xinhai utasintha mu China anali zotsatira chilengedwe cha mavuto a dziko kwambiri amene amagwidwa mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20. Inali nthawi imeneyi zinaonekera kufunika kwa kusintha kwambiri ndi kwambiri mu dziko, koma kenako boma anali wosakwiya kusintha, ngakhale ena masitepe adakali anatengedwa umenewu. Ambiri yomweyo unachitika m'chiwembucho wamphamvu chiwembu kuti kamodzinso anagwedeza akale dongosolo komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale.

Movement kwa Kusintha

Xinhai utasintha mu China, mfundo, anali kupewa Popeza kuti Ufumu kalekale ikuchepa. Izi poyera ndi zochitika za m'ma yapitayi, imene anawulula kufooka ndi kulephera kwa boma kukana onse kusokonekera mkati ndi kukana kunja. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Taiping Kuukira ndi a Opium Nkhondo. Izi zodabwitsa zazikulu ziwiri anapeza kufooka kwa boma, komanso zinachititsa kuti kuzindikira mbali ya anzeru kufunika kwa kusintha mwamsanga pa chitsanzo European Western, koma ndi kuteteza miyambo chikhalidwe Chinese ndi miyambo.

Kusintha chuma

Xinhai utasintha mu China chifukwa cha kufunikira mbiri kusintha dongosolo lonse ndiponso ndale. mayendedwe mbali amatchedwa "kudziletsa mchaka" Ndi kwa watsopano kwakukulu kwa anthu anaonekera. ideologist wake wamkulu anali Kang Yu-Wei. Last anadzudzula boma liyenera ndi kuyitana kwa kukhazikitsanso pafupifupi a dongosolo lino lakale. gululi, ambiri, monga m'chigawo kumene mutu wa khama amphamvu chitukuko cha gawo zachuma. Iwo industrialize, kumanga mafakitale, kukhala gawo la ndalama. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, pakati anakhalabe penapake wodzikonda, ngakhale mawu ndi ngakhale mu nkhani zina, ndipotu anathandiza gulu zisinthe. Komabe, Xinhai utasintha mu China amavutika ndendende chifukwa dongosolo lakale la Manchu mafumu ali otha ake. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma izo anakhalabe kutchuka kwake chifukwa odalirika Mfumukazi Cixi, koma ngakhale mphwake ake Guangxu, amene anakhala pa mpando wachifumu, koma anali akuwasamalira wake anali nkhoswe ya kusintha kotheratu.

kugalukira

Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma, kulimbikitsa ndi kusakhutira a anthu malowedwe m'dera m'dziko la alendo. Choyamba, izo nkhawa amishonale, komanso kanjedza ntchito ndalama. Anthu a China ankakhulupirira kuti Western chikoka European zoipa zokhudza chitukuko cha dziko. amenewa ayambitsa chakuti onse pa dziko anayamba nkhanza cholimbana alendo, zomwe kumapeto zinachititsa ankhonya chiwembu mu 1900.

Misa kuyenda kwa kuteteza Pawokha dziko amadziwika China mu Asia kudzutsidwa nthawi. Xinhai utasintha anakhala mawonetseredwe ake chidwi kwambiri, koma unachitika ndi mkati mavuto aakulu ndale mu ufumuwo. Poyamba, boma Qing mantha ngati kuthandiza kugalukira Komabe, pamapeto, anagwa kumbali yake. Kudutsa dziko, anayamba zinali alendo. Koma ŵa Western limati European msanga anasonkhanitsa khamu lalikulu ndi kuletsedwa kulankhula ndi Cixi Boma layesetsa chiyanjanitso. Koma izo zinali chabe munthu wotopa zosakhalitsa pamaso mkangano latsopano ndi kugwa lomaliza la ufumuwo.

Madzulo a zokhumba za

Xinhai utasintha mu China kugwirizana ndi dzina la Sun Yat-Sen, amene kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma ndi a gulu Kusintha. Komabe, pa nthawi pamwamba pakati pa iye ndi mbali ya kudziletsa mchaka sanali kukondera wathunthu. Iye anali munthu wophunzira kwambiri ndipo anali ndi chidwi kusinthika kwakukulu kwawo. Apa tisaiwale kuti khumi pamaso kugwa yomaliza ya ufumu malo a unyamata Chinese wakhala wokangalika, amene ndi maphunziro analandira mfundo European Western, kuyesetsa kwa kukonzanso wathunthu wa dongosolo lonse.

Monga mwa nthawi zonse, mwa zaka za mavuto kudutsa dziko anayamba kutuluka anthu ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amene analimbikitsa chiphiphiritso cha Katolika. Izi inkakhala ndi kusiyana lofunika ku ankhonya, amene anachita osati kusintha, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa kukopa alendo, kuti zoona, analetsa zaluso mu chitsanzo West European, pamene analengedwa ndi Sun Yat-Sen Union analengeza kufunikira kugonjetsa mafumu akale ndi kukonzanso zonse za dongosolo lonse.

pakati kusintha

Mu zinthu izi, boma akhoza kuchotsedwa pa akungoonerera. Pozindikira kuopsa kwa kayendedwe kusintha, unapita pa mndandanda wa miyeso (koma osati kwambiri moti) kuti kuvutika maganizo pakati pa anthu ndi kuonetsera ofunitsitsa kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, watenga angapo masitepe kuti modernize asilikali, milandu, yayimitsidwa dongosolo miyambo Kupenda kwa m'ndandanda wa bureaucracies ndipo anakhazikitsa sukulu dongosolo. Iwo anali atabwerera ku ukapolo, ndipo wakhululukidwa ena owatsatira kwambiri yogwira kayendedwe kudziletsa cholimbikitsa, amene akuvutika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma (ena anaphedwa, pamene ena pansi manyazi, ndipo anathamangitsidwa m'dzikolo). Komanso, kusodza malamulo wakhala akupangidwa ndi kuika patsogolo pempholo kwa lachiweruzo yamalamulo. Koma malonjezano onse sizikumveka wotsimikizika kwambiri, ndipo pambuyo pa imfa yake mu 1908, Mfumukazi Dowager Cixi linaonekera zikukhalira kusintha.

Kukonzekera ndi zokhumba

Monga tanena ndi Xinhai utasintha mu China kugwirizana ndi dzina la Sun Yat-Sen. Iye anakhala mtsogoleri wawo maganizo ndi kulinganiza mwachindunji. Adalenga mgwirizano wa anthu ake, omwe pang'onopang'ono kunakopa monga kuchuluka kwa vuto la ufumuwo. Koma ambiri Chofunika, analenga malingaliro a dongosolo m'tsogolo. Sun anakonza mfundo zitatu zomwe anapanga maziko a chiphunzitso chake tsogolo la China "dziko" - kupasula mlendo, ndi Manchu mafumu, "demokalase" - kukhazikitsidwa kwa dongosolo Republican-demokalase ndi anthu moyo mfundo. Komanso, analenga gulu atsopano otchedwa Tunmenhuey, yemwe anakhala thandizo kwa mbali zonse za kusintha kotheratu. Ndi 1911 mu Ufumu panali mpata kwa zokhumba za. Alimi, kusakhutira ndi mavuto azachuma, nthawi anamenya nkhondo. The Center, nayenso anatengera mndandanda wa miyeso kumangitsa kulamulira anthu, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira kwambiri. Xinhai utasintha mu China zinachitika mu 1911: chinayambitsa izo kum'mwera kwa dziko n'kutenga zikulilima lonse. Koyamba ankafuna kulanda boma Komabe, analephera, koma kumapeto a chaka chino, ufumu anagwa.

Gawo loyamba

A udindo waukulu mu zokhumba unachita asilikali watsopano, amene anali ndi propaganda yogwira ndi ufumuwo. Koma choyambitsa kuchitapo kanthu zida anatumikira monga mfundo za nationalization la dziko la lina la makampani yaikulu pa ntchito yomanga njanji lapansi. Unachititsa namondwe wa mkwiyo ndi wosakhutira, makamaka pachimake chifukwa cha kusokonezedwa a m'mayiko mu zochitika mkati mwa dziko. Xinhai utasintha mu China otchedwa mwambo, umene unayamba mu umodzi wa chigawo chakumwera wa Sichuan Ufumu wa September 1911. Poyamba, opandukawo anaukira malo apolisi ndi dipatimenti msonkho Komabe, pambuyo misa kuwombera ya chionetsero unarmed m'dera la anthu onse alamuka, amene ali amakwanitsa kugwila likulu la mzinda. Bwino ntchito chinawonjezeka makamaka chifukwa chikoka cha Poro, lomwe nthawi yamavuto ndi zambiri yogwira. Komabe, mtengo wa zomvetsa yaikulu boma akadali kubisa kupanduka, koma odana Manchu amaganiza mu ufumu wamphamvu.

mwendo yachiwiri

Xinhai utasintha mu China, zaka 1911-1912, amene anapitiriza wamphamvu ndithu latsopano ntchito kugawikana mu mzinda wa Wuchang. Komanso okonzeka kulankhula, koma anazindikira izo zisanachitike. Anayamba kupereka ndi kumangidwa, ndiye nagonjetsa zapita unit lonse lankhondo. Zimenezi zinachitika mu October 1911. Opandukawo analanda onse Tricity, anapanga boma yake, ndipo anaitana kulandidwa kwa ufumu wa Qing ndi boma lokha anatchedwa Republic.

Anthu boma inalandidwa m'matangadza onse pansi, koma ambiri Chofunika, adakwanitsa kupambana pa mamembala a gulu lankhondo latsopano limene nawo zambiri anaonetsetsa bwino anapanduka. Pakatikati lalikulu mantha lonse la gululo ndi kuyitanira ku ukapolo aluso ambiri n'chokwana Shikai, boma adamuonetsa kupondereza atapanduka, koma, monga nthumwi wabwino anakana chifukwa sizimawoneka ngati wakupha munthu. Ndiyeno boma anayesa lachiweruzo yamalamulo ndi boma, koma zonsezi kuti si zinachititsa kuti kanthu. zochita amphamvu za akuluakulu a mu yimitsira a mizinda yambiri Aika anthu kwambiri ndi pakati, ndi chimaliziro, Supreme Council Komiti kumbali Republican, apatsidwe kufufuza.

Mbali yachitatu

Xinhai utasintha mu China, zimayambitsa omwe - kwambiri ndale ndi chifooke mphamvu lachifumu, chapeza ambiri pambuyo pamene ambiri kum'mwera zigawo agwirizana opandukawo. Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, pakati anayesanso kukambirana ndi chicane lapansi. Adafunsira pobwezera misonkhano wake zinthu izi: a Amnesty ambiri, kulanda kuti mphamvu zonse, convening la nyumba yamalamulo ndi nduna. Pamene mbali zonse anali zokambirana izi, kugalukira yatsopano inayambika mu October chaka chomwecho Shijiazhuang, amene agonjetsa moto mu kampeni ambiri ndi Beijing kwa chiwonongeko cha mafumu a. Zimenezi sankasangalala Shikai, amene akhoza kutali. Pokhapokha kupha mmodzi wa atsogoleri a latsopano mutiny asilikali wakhala inaimitsidwa kwa kanthaŵi.

Mbali chachinayi

Xinhai utasintha mu China, kenako nkhani mwachidule pa nthawi yake yaikulu, kutukuka kwambiri mu gawo lalikulu chifukwa chakuti opandukawo agwirizana asilikali ankhondo. Zitachitika zinthu izi unali likulu la ufumu anayamba mantha: mamembala ambiri a Manchu otchuka mopupuluma anasiya dziko. Panthawi imeneyi, fanizo la zinthu zofunika kwambiri anapeza Shikai, zomwe, kwenikweni, ndi kutsiriziratu ulamuliro wa Mfumu, analanda mphamvu ya wolamulira wamkulu, monga nduna yaikulu.

Komabe, kupanduka anapitiriza kukula pang'onopang'ono mofulumira. Chakumapeto October, akutiakuti anayamba asilikali kupanduka wa Nanyang. Nthawiyi, Shikai Anapempha thandizo angapo a mphamvu Western, amene ankafuna kuti kupanduka. Komabe, ambiri mwini mofulumira palibe kukhwimitsa yogwira, popeza kuti asunge mphamvu zawo ndi chikoka, mwaluso anachititsa pakati Republican ndi mphamvu wachifumu. mbali zonse anafunafuna tipezekemo thandizo lake, ndipo nthawi zina sanapite lotseguka atasemphana zida osayembekezera kuthetsa mwamtendere. Shikai komanso mantha m'banja lachifumu kuthekera chiwonongeko thupi ndi Republican anaopseza yimitsira cha kugalukira ndi. Iye anaumirira kufunika kwa mafumu ndi malamulo, koma zigawenga inalamula Republic, kuvomereza kuti anthu ambiri anakhala pulezidenti. Pakali pano, mu Ufumu anapitiriza ndondomeko kulekana pakati angapo a zigawo.

zochita Shikai

Xinhai utasintha mu China, omwe amakhala ndi nthawi deadlines zolimba kwambiri, walowa mu yaitali motero gawo angapo mu chaka cha 1911 chifukwa cha nkhani pakati pa ataikidwa kukhala nduna yaikulu, akuluakulu yachifumu ndi Republican. Komabe, pozindikira kuti kulimbitsa ulamuliro wake, m'pofunika kuti atenge kutitimira, iye anakonza ulendo Chilango kum'mwera kuti aopseze opandukawo, ndipo adzamuonetsa mphamvu zake. Kutenga Hanyang anaganiza kuti asiye uko, monga kugonjetsedwa wathunthu wa Republican silinali mbali ya mapulani ake, ankaganiza kuti apitirize akamagwiritsa pakati pawo ndi mphamvu wachifumu.

Zitachitika zinthu zimenezi, nduna wapita kukondera ndi opandukawo: anapangana pangano ndi iwo, chimene dziko unagawidwa pawiri: kumpoto, kumene Mafumu zinasungidwa, ndi kum'mwera, kumene Republic unakhazikitsidwa. Shikai ankaona pamodzi ndi Republican mwayi wodzakhala wakonzekera kuti pulezidenti, pamene iye pang'onopang'ono okha mphamvu ndi ulamuliro wa utsogoleri lachifumu. Amagonjera wake anali wolamulira wa azakhali a mfumu amene sanasangalale anthu. Phunziro "Xinhai utasintha mu China" ndi chidwi chifukwa kumasonyeza liwiro la kulanda boma, ndipo irreversibility cha kugwa kwa ufumuwo. Komabe, Republican zigawenga zambiri alephera kukwaniritsa mgwirizano weniweni. Izi makamaka nkhani pa zokambirana mu December 1911, pamene North kuchita cohesively, pamene kum'mwera lidagawikana. Chifukwa chakuti zokambirana anakokera ndi yowoneka bwino, Republican linapereka ulamuliro ku Sun Yat-Sen, koma ndi chikhalidwe chimene iye kusiya malo ake ngati woyamba sagwirizana. Pakuti yochepa mu ofesi, anatha kugwirizanitsa mphamvu ya kumwera pamodzi ndi kulenga zosakhalitsa Senate kulamulira. Ndiye Shikai ananena za kufunika kwa kusunga ufumu, ndi kum'mwera, nawonso, amamuopseza nkhondo yapachiweniweni.

kukhazikitsidwa kwa Republic ndi

Zotsatira za Xinhai utasintha mu China ndi zofunika kwambiri za tsogolo la dziko lino, monga kunadzetsa kulandidwa kwa ufumu wa Qing. Zimenezi zinachitika mu February 1915, ndipo onse anali atalengeza pulezidenti.

Sun Yat-sen cholinga chofuna mugwilizano wadziko anagwetsa ulamuliro wake General chicane, amene msonkhano yamalamulo kumpoto. Komabe, thupi ili alephera kupanga boma Komanso, wolamulira latsopano amayesa kuti abwezeretse ufumu amene ankamutsutsa amphamvu dziko. The zotsatira za Xinhai utasintha mu China akuti mosiyana ndi azambiriyakale, ambiri amene amati ndi kupanda pulogalamu limodzi opandukawo, mkulu wa chipani ndi Mgwirizano.

Shikai mu 1915 analengeza yekha mfumu ndipo mwakachetechete korona m'bwalo, kulengeza kufunika kubwezeretsedwa kwa dongosolo akale. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kutsegula latsopano Republican kum'mwera. Pambuyo Xinhai utasintha mu China anasintha zinthu kunja ndale za dziko. Chimodzi mwa zotsatira zake zofunika kwambiri ndi kulekanitsidwa ndi dziko la Mongolia, yomwe linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira ake.