Photosynthesis zomera ndi zochititsa

chomera dzuwa ndi zovuta zathupi amuzolengedwa njira imene zomera kutembenuza mphamvu atomu, amene ali kuwala kwa dzuwa mu mankhwala mphamvu ntchito mankhwala organic. Chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi unyolo redox mankhwala zochita, chifukwa cha zomwe ma elekitironi ali inasamutsidwa kuchoka nthumwi mwiniwake-kuchepetsa, ndiwo wa hydrogen, ndi madzi, ndi acceptor ndi, ndi oxidant. Mu mawonekedwe chakudya O2 adzamasulidwa pa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa madzi.

Photosynthesis chomera ali njira ziwiri mosalekeza. Gawo loyamba wotchedwa kuwala (photochemical). Pa nthawi imeneyi, a kwadzidzidzi kuwala mphamvu n'kukhala mphamvu mankhwala chifukwa limasonyeza mankhwala mkulu-mphamvu, komanso reductant konsekonse. Mu ndime yachiwiri, ndi dzina mdima (kagayidwe kachakudya) kuwapeza mphamvu mankhwala wothandizila kuchepetsa ndi chilengedwe chikudutsa kuzungulira kwa fixation ndi kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, umene chakudya anapanga. photosynthesis limagwirira alekanitsa kuwala ndi mdima sitepe osati nthawi komanso malo. Kuwala gawo chikuchitika mu wapadera mphamvu kutembenuka nembanemba thylakoid, pamene zochita mdima chichitike kapena mu chloroplast stroma, kapena cytoplasm lapansi.

Photosynthesis ndi zomera kupuma zachokera mayamwidwe quanta kuwala kumene udindo waukulu ndi ankaimba ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll mayamwidwe sipekitiramu womwenso zooneka dera, ndipo proximal thereto gawo infuraredi ndi zigawo ultraviolet. The pigment chachikulu zomera zonse kuchita dzuwa ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll ndi. Green algae, ndere ndi zomera mtima ali ndi wotchedwa chlorophyll b, chimene chimafika pa sipekitiramu kuwala odzipereka. Ena mitundu ya algae muli wotchedwa chlorophyll m'ma ndi d. Kuwonjezera wotchedwa chlorophyll, m'kati mayamwidwe kuwala komanso amatanganidwa carotenoids ndi phycobilins.

Pambuyo mayamwidwe kuwala amapezeka sitepe photochemical zimene zimakhudzidwa mitundu iwiri ya photosystem Ine ndi II (PS1 ndi PS2). Aliyense wa APS imakhala pakati anachita, momwe kuyang'anira kulekana zikachitika, magetsi unyolo zoyendera kumene elekitironi makutidwe ndi okosijeni, ndi mndandanda wa zigawo zikuluzikulu kuti ntchito njira ya photooxidation wa madzi ndi kusinthika kwa pakati anachita. Mu malo zimene kuwala mphamvu kwadzidzidzi ndi n'kukhala mankhwala, ndiyeno ma elekitironi kusuntha monga mwa masinthidwe amtundu wa lingathe electrochemical, amapanga elekitironi zoyendera unyolo dzuwa ndi.

Photosystem II mtundu amachita photooxidation zimene madzi, potero kupanga mpweya ndi mapulotoni H +. Kufanana photosynthesis elekitironi zoyendera ndondomeko chikuchitika purotoni kutengerapo ku chloroplast mu intrathylakoid dera. Zimene chifukwa kubala NADPH ndi ATP, ndiwo mankhwala yaikulu ya photosynthesis. Komanso pa dzuwa la zomera zimapanga enzymatic anachita imene mpweya woipa kuwapeza mapulotini, chakudya mafuta. Ngati mdima sanali zimam'patsa kagayidwe ali directivity, anapanga amino zidulo, mankhwala organic ndi mapuloteni.

njira kagayidwe kachakudya mtundu CO2 fixation anawagawa C3, C4 ndi kamera photosynthesis. Choncho chakudya, amene anapanga pa siteji mdima wa dzuwa mu chloroplasts akhoza waikamo mwa mawonekedwe a wowuma mankhwala kuchoka pa chloroplast kupanga maselo atsopano kutumikira monga gwero la mphamvu zochita kagayidwe kachakudya.

chomera dzuwa amagwiritsa peresenti 1-2 yekha wa odzipereka mphamvu ya kuwala. Mphamvu ya ndondomeko ya dzuwa amakhudza zikuchokera kawalidwe ndi mphamvu ya kuwala, kutentha, madzi mankhwala zomera ndi mchere zakudya, anthu ambiri CO2 ndi O2, komanso zinthu zina zachilengedwe.