Chisinthiko Darwin

Chiphunzitso zinachokera Charles Darwin imatengedwa ntchito yofunika kwambiri zamoyo pa zapitazi kuposa zaka zana. Komabe, kutsutsana za ntchito imeneyi ikuchitika kuyambira tsiku kulifalitsa.

chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko Darwin akhale ukutitsogolera ambiri England, malingaliro, kuganizira zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma cha nthawi - ufulu wa mpikisano ndi chilengedwe yolimbirana kuli anthu. Pa nthawi imeneyo, iwo ankatengedwa lamulo chilengedwe cha uthunthu.

Darwin chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko unapangidwa mogwirizana ndi anapezazo yake, kuti wasayansi wapanga pa ulendo pa bolodi "Beagle". Ataphunzira nthaka wa dziko South America, iye anakhazikitsa mu chikhulupiriro zinthu zachilengedwe zofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya padziko lapansi, ndi chiyambi cha nyama ndi zomera padziko lapansi pano.

Paleontological wapeza n'zotheka kudziwa kufanana pakati pa nyama okhala m'dera pa nthawi imeneyo ku America South ndi mitundu zinatha. Darwin ukupezeka "mitundu Transitional", kaphatikizidwe makhalidwe a mayunitsi angapo.

kufunika ndithu Ufumuyo, ndiponso kupezeka m'mayiko ochuluka a zamoyo. Choncho, Darwin anapeza kuti zomera la America South lili mitundu amene ali kwina ndi zinyama a North America. Koma wasayansi ndi lingaliro limene kufanana nyama mayiko onse m'madera amenewa analipo kale. Kutchinjiriza zinyama, malinga ndi iye, chinachitika kenako mogwirizana mkubwela kwa malo okwera pa gawo kum'mwera kwa Mexico.

Kuliganizira anali deta ndi Darwin pa zilumba za Galápagos, mabodza makilomita 950 kuchokera kumadzulo South America gombe mu Pacific Ocean. zilumba zimenezi akuchokera chiphala, ndipo geologically wamng'ono m'deralo. Pa phunzirolo wasayansi anati kufanana ena a zinyama awo ndi zinyama of America South. Komabe, panali kusiyana.

Choncho, mwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi pa maziko a nkhani anasonkhana yoona anali kukonza zinthu zina ndi generalizations, ozikidwa pa Darwin chirengedwe. ndi chakudya cha masiyanidwe a mitundu ndi umodzi mwa mawu a dongosolo la zinthu anali ayipanga pa magulu zachilengedwe kulimbikitsa kufanana ndi kusintha njira, chitukuko mbiri ya padziko lapansi, komanso kufanana kwa mazira za thupi mwadongosolo magulu akutali a nyama.

Chiphunzitso zinachokera Darwin wakhala generalizations waukulu wa sayansi chilengedwe cha m'ma XIX. Chiphunzitso chimenechi anayamba kupanga njira ambiri a chitukuko cha ganizo sayansi ndi zinthu umoyo ndi zachuma.

Tikumbukenso kuti pamaso pa Kubwera kwa Darwin, asayansi ambiri anasonyeza maganizo ofanana kwa zofotokozedwa mmenemo. Koma ngakhale chitukuko zonse sayansi zachilengedwe ndipo kudzikundikira mfundo, kutsutsana ndi ziphunzitso akamabadwa, malingaliro a wosasinthika zachilengedwe anapitiriza kuti zilamulire. Darwin akalambula sanali kuthetsa nkhani yaikulu. Kotero, silinali kutsimikiziridwa kuthekera mtundu wina wa njira yatsopano mitundu. Sizinapezekebe anathana ndi vuto la moyenera ndi kusinthasintha chatsopano mawonekedwe organic chilengedwe. Ndipo, potsiriza, anatsegula funso la asilikali zolinga ndi mmene zinthu.

Evolution, malinga ndi Darwin, akukambirana mavuto zovuta chitukuko cha chilengedwe mawu a chuma lachilengedwe sayansi. Kwakhudza wautali kwambiri pa chitukuko cha sayansi zamoyo chiphunzitso kunathandiza kulimbitsa kumvetsa zachilengedwe wonse, kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zakuthupi mumve za zochitika za kufunika. Darwin chiphunzitso chake osati ntchito zambiri zothandiza, komanso otsutsa revisited awo nokha yankho, kutenga nkhani zomwe ulimi ndi zamoyo ambiri.