Pimani thupi: kutentha vaporization wa madzi

Tonse tikudziwa chithunzi: pa mbaula kutenthetsa mphika wa ndalama madzi. Madzi ozizira pang'onopang'ono otentha, pa thovu ake pamwamba kuonekera koyamba, ndipo posakhalitsa zosangalatsa zonse iye rages. ndi kutentha vaporization wa madzi ndi chiyani? Ena mwa ife kumbukira maphunziro kuti kutentha kwa madzi pansi zachilengedwe kuthamanga mumlengalenga sangathe upambana 100 ° C. Ndipo amene sakumbukira kapena sakhulupirira, tingalandire ndi thermometer yoyenera ndiponso kuonetsetsa m'njira otetezeka.

Koma kodi zimenezi? Ndipotu, pansi poto akadali pa moto, iye amapatsa mphamvu zake kwa madzi, ndipo kodi izo kupita, ngati kuti kutenthetsa madzi? A: The mphamvu ntchito kusandutsa madzi mu nthunzi.

Kodi mphamvu ya

Mu moyo wamba ife anazolowera mayiko atatu a nkhani wotizungulira: olimba, madzi ndi mpweya. Mu boma olimba tinthu ali dwi mu latisi krustalo. Koma izi sizitanthauza amaliza kulephera kuyenda, pa kutentha kulikonse, malinga lili digiri osachepera pamwamba -273 ° C (ichi ndi mtheradi ziro) kunjenjemera molekyulu. Komanso, matalikidwe a kugwedera zimadalira kutentha. Pamene Kutentha mphamvu imafalikira particles mankhwala ndi kayendedwe zosathandiza kukhala kwambiri, kenako kufika ena poipa kwambiri mphamvu mamolekyulu kusiya gratings zisa - mankhwala amakhala madzi.

Boma madzi a molekyulu ndi wachibale wathu wapafupi ndi mnzake ndi mphamvu yokoka, koma si lokhazikika kwa ina danga. Ndi zina kutentha kudzikundikira mankhwala wachisokonezo kugwedera moieties kukhala kwambiri moti mphamvu za anyamata a mamolekyulu kwa wina ndi mzake agonjedwa naye, ndipo iwo kumwaza. Kutentha kwa thunthu ikutha kukula, mphamvu zonse ndi anasamutsidwa ndipo tsopano zotsatirazi mtanda wotsatira wa particles, ndi zina, sitepe ndi sitepe, madzi onse akukhatira mwa poto chimadzaza khitchini mwa mawonekedwe a nthunzi.

Aliyense mankhwala kumafuna ena mphamvu kwa ndondomekoyi. Kutentha kwa vaporization wa madzi, komanso zakumwa zina, ndipo enieni kufunika komaliza.

The mayunitsi muyeso

mphamvu (ngakhale gululi, ngakhale kutentha) amayezedwa joules. Joule (J) chikutchedwa wasayansi wotchuka James Joule. Numerically mphamvu 1 J akhoza kuwapeza pa mtunda wa 1 mita kukankhira thupi zina ndi gulu la 1 Newton.

Poyamba ntchito kuyeza kutentha kwa mfundo ndi monga "calorie." Iye akhapidziwa kuti kutentha - ili pali chinthu thupi kuti akhoza utuluke kapena za munthu wina. Zoposa "natekla" mu thupi, choncho ndi otentha. Mu mabuku adakali zotheka kuonana ndi kuchuluka thupi. Koma n'zosavuta kumasulira mu joules, akukwana kuchulukitsa ndi 4,19.

The mphamvu wofunikila kutembenuka zakumwa ku mipweya amatchedwa kuti kutentha enieni vaporization. Koma mmene kuwerengera izo? Ndi chinthu chimodzi kuwasandutsa nthunzi chubu cha madzi ndi chinthu china - thanki yaikulu chotengera injini nthunzi.

Choncho, mwachitsanzo, kuti H ₂ O, kachitidwe kuyaka ntchito pa mfundo yonena za "kutentha zobisika za vaporization wa madzi" (J / kg - wagawo). Ndipo mawu ofunika pano ndi "yeniyeni". Akukhulupirira kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu chofunika vaporize 1 makilogalamu mankhwala madzi.

Amaimira mtengo makalata Latin L. muyeso phindu Joules pa 1 makilogalamu.

Mphamvu zochuluka bwanji amafuna madzi

kutentha zosonyeza vaporization madzi anayeza motere: mu chidebe udzathiridwa chiwerengero N, wabweretsedwa kwa chithupsa. Mphamvu ntchito pa vaporization malita a madzi, ndi mtengo wolakalakika.

Kuyeza, kodi kutentha enieni vaporization wa madzi, asayansi anali pang'ono anadabwa. Pakuti kutembenuka mu madzi mpweya amafuna mphamvu kuposa wamba kuti dziko lonse madzi: alcohols lonse mzere, mipweya liquefied , ndipo ngakhale zoposa zitsulo monga Mercury ndi patsogolo.

Choncho, kutentha kwa vaporization wa madzi unali wofanana 2,26 MJ / kg. Yerekezerani:

• Y Mercury - 0,282 MJ / kg;
• mu kutsogolera - 0,855 MJ / kg.

Koma bwanji ngati mnzanu?

Ndipo zomwe zimachitika ngati chigamulocho ndondomeko, kuti zamadzimadzi condense? Palibe wapadera zimachitika malamulo chitsimikiziro cha kusamala mphamvu: ndi condensation a kilogalamu imodzi ya madzi kuchokera nthunzi adzamasulidwa ndendende yofanana kutentha amene Chosiira pa kutembenukira izo mmbuyo nthunzi. Choncho, nthawi zambiri amapezeka mu matebulo kuyang'ana mmwamba, mawu akuti "enthalpy wa vaporization."

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, chakuti kutentha chosakanikirana ndi evaporation, wakhala bwinobwino ntchito mu banja ndi mafakitale zomangamanga polenga ozizira yokumba.