Zidulo Carboxylic thupi katundu. Salt zidulo carboxylic

Pafupifupi m'nyumba zonse ndi viniga. Ndipo anthu ambiri amadziwa kuti zakhazikitsidwa pa asidi acetic. Koma ndi wochokera kwa mankhwala amazionera? Kodi wina mankhwala organic zino pali ndipo kodi makhalidwe awo? Yesetsani kumvetsa nkhani imeneyi ndi kusanthula mmphepete monobasic asidi carboxylic. Makamaka kunyumba ntchito acetic osati kokha, komanso ena ofanana zingapo zina, ndipo kokha zidulo awa ambiri alendo kawirikawiri mu m'nyumba iliyonse.

The kalasi zidulo carboxylic: mudziwe ambiri

Kwa zasayansi sayansi, kwa kalasi la mankhwala monga okosijeni kuti ndi grouping makamaka maatomu - ndi carboxyl zinchito gulu. Iwo ali mawonekedwe -COOH. Choncho, chilinganizo ambiri amene onse malire monobasic asidi carboxylic, chiri motere: R-COOH, mmene R - ndi tinthu kwakukulu, awa angathe kukhala chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya.

Malinga ndi ichi, tanthauzo la kalasi ya mankhwala angaperekedwe kuti. Carboxylic asidi - ndi mpweya mamolekyulu organic monga magulu chimodzi kapena zingapo zinchito -COOH - magulu carboxyl.

Popeza kuti zinthu zimenezi ndi enieni zidulo, limafotokoza kuyenda kwa atomu wa hydrogen mu carboxyl lapansi. The elekitironi kachulukidwe ndi omangidwa anagawira, kuyambira mpweya - gulu ambiri electronegative. Ubwenzi iyi O-H kwambiri magetsi ndi wa hydrogen amakhala wosatetezeka kwambiri. Izo zikhoza unagawanika kutali, nalowa mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira. Choncho asidi zizindikiro lolingana kupereka zotani zofanana:

• phenolphthalein - colorless;
• litmus - wofiira;
• chilengedwe - wofiira;
• ndi methyl - wofiira ndi ena.

Chifukwa atomu wa hydrogen, carboxylic asidi chionetsero oxidizing katundu. Komabe, pamaso pa maatomu ena zimawathandiza kuti achire ndi nawo ankachita zina zambiri.

Gawo

Pali makhalidwe angapo chachikulu, amene m'magulu asidi carboxylic. The oyamba - ndi khalidwe la kwakukulu. Malinga ndi chinthu ichi wolemekezeka:

• asidi Alicyclic. Chitsanzo: quinic.
• Onunkhira. Chitsanzo: benzoic asidi.
• Aliphatic. Chitsanzo: Asidiyu acetic, asidi akiliriki, asidi oxalic, ndi ena.
• Heterocyclic. Chitsanzo: chikonga.

Ngati ife kulankhula za olumikizirana molekyulu ndi magulu awiri a zidulo tingaone:

• malire - zonse zikulumikizana yekha, umodzi;
• unsaturated - pamaso iwiri, umodzi kapena angapo.

Ndi chizindikiro cha gulu akhoza kutumikira magulu monga zinchito. Choncho, pali mitundu ikuluikulu yotsatirayi.

1. Monobasic - chimodzi chokha -COOH gulu. Chitsanzo: formic, stearic, butyric, valeric, ndi ena.
2. Dibasic - motero, magulu awiri COOH. Chitsanzo: Asidiyu oxalic, asidi malonic, ndi ena.
3. Multibasic - citric, lactic ndi ena.

Kenako m'nkhani ino tidzakhala kuchepetsa monobasic zidulo carboxylic, aliphatic.

History of anapeza

Winery bwino ndi nthawi zakale. Monga amadziwika, mmodzi wa zopangidwa - asidi acetic. Choncho mbiri ya mbiri ya kalasi ya mankhwala inayambira ku nthawi za Robert Boyle ndi Ioganna Glaubera. Komabe, sikunali kotheka kuti tipeze kwa nthawi yaitali ndi mankhwala chikhalidwe cha mamolekyulu izi.

Kwa nthawi yaitali chogwidwa vitalists maganizo, amene anakana kuti pali kuthekera kwa mapangidwe organic popanda zamoyo. Koma mu 1670 AD Ray anakwanitsa kufika woyamba omwe amaimira - dziko kapena asidi formic. Iye anachita zimenezi Kutentha botololo mu nyerere amoyo.

Kenako ntchito asayansi ndi Kolbe Berzelius anasonyeza kuti n'zotheka synthesizing mankhwala awa ku zinthu zochita kupanga (distillation makala). Chifukwa cha asidi acetic chinapezeka. Choncho asidi carboxylic afufuza (thupi katundu, kapangidwe) ndi chiyambi cha kutsegula kwa anthu ena onse a pa mndandanda wa mankhwala aliphatic.

thupi katundu

Lero, ndi kuphunzira zambiri za owayimilira onse. Pakuti aliyense wa makhalidwe amenewa amapezeka mu magawo onse, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito makampani ndi kukhala mu chikhalidwe. Tidzaona zimene zimapanga zidulo carboxylic, katundu thupi la magawo ena.

Choncho, pali zingapo zofunika khalidwe magawo.

1. Ngati chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu unyolo si upambana zisanu, mwadzidzidzi kununkhiza, makina ndi loopsali madzi. Pamwamba pa asanu - lolemera, wochuluka zinthu, zambiri - zovuta, waxy.
2. osalimba a anthu awiri oyambirira ali wamkulu kuposa wina. Zonse opepuka kuposa madzi.
3. Kuwira mfundo: apamwamba unyolo, ndi apamwamba zigoli. Kapangidwe zambiri nthambi, kotero pansipa.
4. Kusungunuka mfundo: zimadalira parity chiwerengero cha maatomu mpweya mu unyolo. Y ndi ochuluka kuposa wosamvetseka pansipa.
5. Mu madzi, amasungunula bwino.
6. Angathe kupanga kumangidwa wa hydrogen amphamvu.

zizindikiro zimenezi anafotokoza mwa dongosolo chosokonekera, motero dongosolo latisi, mphamvu yake. Mophweka kwambiri ndi ndondomeko molekyulu, zizindikiro pamwamba kupereka asidi carboxylic. thupi katundu wa mankhwala awa kulola kuthandauza mmunda ndi njira zawo ntchito makampani.

katundu mankhwala

Monga ife tawakonzera pamwamba, deta asidi angasonyeze katundu osiyana. zochita zawo ndi wofunika kaphatikizidwe mafakitale mankhwala ambiri. Potanthauza katundu wofunika kwambiri mankhwala amene angathe kukhala monobasic carboxylic acid.

1. ^{Dissociation: R-COOH = RCOO - +} H +.
   
2. Akusonyeza katundu m'maderawo i.e. interacts ndi oxides zikuluzikulu ndi hydroxides awo. Ndi zitsulo yosavuta anachitira ndondomeko muyezo (i.e., okhawo amene ali ndi wa hydrogen mu mndandanda electrochemical).
3. Ndi zidulo kwambiri amphamvu (zochita kupanga) Amatero monga m'munsi a.
4. Angathe kusanduka mowa chachikulu.
5. anachita Special - esterification. Izi zimachitika ndi alcohols kupanga mankhwala zovuta - Ester.
6. decarboxylation anachita, mwachitsanzo kuwonongedwa kwa pawiri wa carbon dioxide molekyulu.
7. Angathe yatikhudza ndi halides wa zinthu monga phosphorous ndi sulfure.

Mwachionekere, monga asidi m'zigawozigawo carboxylic. thupi katundu, komanso mankhwala, ndi osiyanasiyana ndithu. Komanso, ayenera kuti ambiri mphamvu monga zidulo, mamolekyulu onse organic ndi m'malo ofooka poyerekeza ndi anzawo zochita kupanga. dissociation zawo zokhazikika musalumphe mtengo wa 4.8.

Njira lokonzekera

Pali njira zingapo zofunika kuti mungalandire mmphepete asidi carboxylic.

1. Mu zasayansi timachitira ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni:

• alcohols;
• aldehydes;
• alkyne;
• labu;
• chiwonongeko cha alkenes.

2. Hydrolysis:

• esters;
• nitrites;
• amides;
• trigalogenalkanov.

3. Decarboxylation - Kupha NKHA ₂ molekyulu.

4. kaphatikizidwe mafakitale ikuchitika ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa chimasanduka ndi maatomu enanso mpweya mu unyolo. Dongosololi ikuchitika mu magawo angapo kudzipereka ndi kuchuluka kwa byproducts.

5. Ena zidulo yeniyeni (formic, acetic, butyric, valeric, etc.) anawakonzera njira yeniyeni ntchito zosakaniza achilengedwe.

Kuweta pawiri malire carboxylic zidulo: salt

Salt zidulo carboxylic - mankhwala ofunika ntchito mu makampani. Iwo chifukwa cha anzake a yotsirizira ndi:

• zitsulo;
• oxides zofunika;
• oxides amphoteric ;
• alkalis;
• amphoteric hydroxides.

Makamaka zofunika mwa iwo amene anapanga pakati soda zitsulo soda ndi potaziyamu ndi apamwamba malire zidulo - palmitic, stearic. Pambuyo zokolola za mogwirizana ichi - sopo, madzi ndi olimba.

sopo

Choncho, nkhani ya zimenezi zingachitike: 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ -COOH + 2Na = 2C ₁₇ H ₃₅ COONa + H _2,

chifukwa mankhwala - ndi sodium stearate - ndi mwa chibadwa sopo yachibadwa ntchito zovala zochapa.

Ngati asidi palmitic m'malo, ndi zitsulo potaziyamu pa adzatembenuza palmitate potaziyamu - sopo wochapira manja. Choncho, tingakhulupirire amanena kuti salt zidulo carboxylic - uwu uli makamaka mankhwala ofunika zachilengedwe organic. Iwo zotsimikizira ndi ntchito m'patali mu lonse. Ngati mukuganiza bwanji sopo zambiri limagwiritsa munthu aliyense padziko Lapansi, n'zosavuta kuganiza ndi mamba izi.

Esters zidulo carboxylic

A gulu lapadera la mankhwala, amene ndi malo ake olemba mankhwala organic. Izi kalasi ya esters. Iwo anapanga ndi zimene zidulo carboxylic ndi alcohols. Mutu wa Mwanjira imeneyi - ndi esterification anachita. General view akhoza umaimiridwa ndi aone kuti pali kuti:

^{R, -COOH + R "-OH =} R, -COOR" + H ₂ O.

Mankhwala ndi ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira awiri ndi Ester. Mwachionekere, chifukwa cha zimene ndi asidi carboxylic, mowa, Ester, ndi madzi inasintha kwambiri. Choncho, wa hydrogen akuchoka mamolekyulu asidi mu mawonekedwe a cation ndi akukumana ndi gulu hydroxy mowa ndi kukhala unagawanika kutali. Chifukwa, molekyulu madzi aumbike. Grouping otsala pa kwakukulu asidi zimatengera pa mowa kupanga Ester molekyulu.

Kodi n'kofunika kwambiri motero ndi zimene phindu malonda mankhwala awo? Chinthu ndi esters ntchito monga:

• zowonjezera zakudya;
• oonetsera;
• gulu chigawo wa mafuta;
• solvents;
• vanishi chigawo, utoto, mapulasitiki;
• mankhwala ndi zina zotero.

Zikuonekeratu kuti munda wa ntchito ndi lonse zokwanira zifukwa kupanga mu makampani.

Ethanoic asidi (acetic)

malire Izi monocarboxylic aliphatic asidi, yemwe ali mmodzi wa anthu otchuka mu mawu kupanga lonse. chilinganizo ake - CH ₃ COOH. kuwanda chotero izo alitcha katundu wake. Ndipotu, munda wa ntchito ndi lonse.

1. Ndi zowonjezera chakudya pansi E-260 code.
2. Izo ntchito mu adzasowa chakudya atetezedwe.
3. Ndi ntchito mankhwala kaphatikizidwe wa medicaments.
4. Chigawo yokonza mankhwala odoriferous.
5. Zosungunulira.
6. Ophunzira mu ndondomeko ya ntchito yosindikiza mabuku, ankaudaya nsalu.
7. The zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika mankhwala syntheses zochita kuchuluka kwa zinthu.

Mu moyo wa 80 peresenti ake njira otchedwa acetic kwenikweni, ndipo ngati kuchepetsa kwa 15%, iwe viniga chabe. Net 100% glacial asidi acetic amatchedwa.

asidi formic

Woyamba ndi losavuta woimira kalasi. Chilinganizo - HCOOH. Komanso zowonjezera chakudya pansi E-236 code. magwero zachilengedwe:

• nyerere ndi njuchi;
• lunguzi;
• masingano;
• zipatso.

M'madera chachikulu cha ntchito:

• chifukwa kuteteza ndi yokonza chakudya nyama;
• Izo ntchito ulamuliro wa majeremusi;
• chifukwa ankaudaya nsalu mbali etchant;
• monga zosungunulira ndi;
• oyeretsa;
• mankhwala - kwa tizirombo pa zipangizo zonse ndi zipangizo;
• kutulutsa carbon monoxide zasayansi.

Komanso opaleshoni ya njira asidi ntchito monga antiseptics.