Neanderthal - ichi ... Anthu akale - akalewa

Munthuyo anali nthawi zonse chidwi chiyambi chawo. iye ali, kumene ndi mmene anachitira - kwa nthawi yaitali anali imodzi mwa nkhani zikuluzikulu. Mu Greece wakale, pa kubadwa kwa Vuto loyamba sayansi ya chiyambi anthu akhala ofunika nzeru kuyambika. Ndipo tsopano, nkhaniyi sanataye kufunika kwake. Ngakhale m'nthawi zakale, asayansi akwanitsa kuti amapita patsogolo mu vuto la maonekedwe a munthu, mafunso akubwera.

Palibe ofufuza sangathe kukhala otsimikizika kuti analandira amanena za chiyambi cha moyo, kuphatikizapo maonekedwe a munthu ndi zoona. Osati zokhazo, zaka zapitazo, ndipo lero Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ndi asayansi weniweni nkhondo, kuteteza maganizo awo ndi pokambirana naye chiphunzitso cha adani.

Mmodzi mwa anthu ambiri bwino kuphunzira wakale ndi Neanderthal. Ichi ndi nthumwi ya mtundu wa anthu zinatha kalekale, amene ankakhala 130 - 20 zikwi zapitazo.

Chiyambi cha dzina la

Mu kumadzulo kwa Germany, pafupi Dusseldorf, ndi Neandertal chigwa. Dzinali kuti walandira m'malo mwa m'busa German ndi kupeka Neander. Mu zaka za m'ma XIX, anapeza chigaza cha munthu wakale. Patapita zaka ziwiri, KATSWIRI Shaafgauzen, chinkhoswe mu phunziro lake, ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti "Neanderthal" mu ulimi wa sayansi. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mafupa anapeza sanali anagulitsa, ndipo tsopano mu Rhenish owonetsera zakale dziko.

Mawu akuti "Neanderthal" (chithunzi chifukwa kukhazikitsanso kake, n'zotheka onani m'munsimu) alibe omveka bwino chifukwa cha kukula kwa magulu ndi inhomogeneities hominids. Udindo wa munthu wakale, nayenso, ndi chosadziwika. Ena mwa sayansi kupita nako ku subspecies wa sapiens Homo, ena kuoneka osiyana mitundu kapena mtundu. Tsopano munthu wakale ndiyo kuphunzira maganizo Neanderthal wa hominids gasi. Komanso, kupitiriza kupeza mafupa za thupi mitundu.

Kodi angamupeze

Zotsalira za anthu a munthu wosazindikira mbasowa woyamba wa hominids lapansi. anthu akale (akalewa) anali anapeza mu 1829 ku Belgium. Ndiye, kuti zimenezi si kofunika uliwonse, ndi kufunika kwake chinaonetsedwa patapita nthawi yaitali. Kenako mafupa awo anapeza mu England. Ndipo kokha anapeza wachitatu mu 1856 pafupi Düsseldorf anapereka dzina Neanderthal ndipo anasonyeza kufunika m'mbuyomo mafupa.

ogwira ntchito miyala anapeza grotto wodzazidwa ndi matope. Pambuyo kuchotsa anapeza pafupi ndi khomo la chigaza cha munthu ndi mafupa ochepa chachikulu. Zotsalira wakale anagulidwa mwa German paleontologist Johann Fulrotom, amene anafotokoza iwo.

Neanderthal - mbali structural ndi gulu

The anapeza mafupa malasha anthu akhala bwinobwino kuphunzira, ndipo pa maziko asayansi kafukufuku anatha angakwanitse pafupifupi mawonekedwe. Neanderthal - Mosakayika mmodzi wa anthu oyambirira kuyambira kufanana kwake kwa Homo sapiens moonekeratu. Komabe, pali ndalama yaikulu kusiyana.

Kukula pafupifupi wa munthu wakale anali 165 masentimita. Iye anali kumanga wamfupi koma wojintcha ndipo mutu waukulu, ndi buku la cranium anthu akale akalewa anali opambana kuposa munthu ano. Manja ndi yaifupi, mochuluka ngati yoteroyo. yotakata mapewa ndi mbiya pachifuwa kulankhula za mphamvu kwambiri.

Amphamvu nsidze waung'ono kwambiri chibwano, mphuno, kanthawi khosi - mmodzi kwambiri mbali Neanderthal. Ambiri mwina, makhalidwe amenewa ndi zooneka ndi mavuto a Ice Age, imene anthu akale ankakhala 100 - 50 zikwi zapitazo.

Kapangidwe akalewa akupereka chifukwa amaganiza kuti ali ndi lalikulu minofu misa, mafupa katundu anadyetsa anthu ambiri nyama ndi kwabwino kuposa Cro-Magnons, ndinazolowera nyengo subarctic.

Iwo anali kulankhula wosazindikira zambiri zigwirizana ambiri zilembo.

Popeza kumene kuli anthu awa wakale m'dera lalikulu, pali mitundu ingapo. Wina ali mbali pafupi ndi maonekedwe nyama ngati, pamene ena ngati munthu ano.

Malo amene Homo neanderthalensis

Kuyambira mabwinja anapeza lero tikudziwa kuti Neanderthal munthu (anthu akale amene anakhala zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo) ankakhala ku Ulaya, Central Asia ndi East. Mu Africa, hominids izi sanapezeke. Kenako mfundo imeneyi inali imodzi mwa umboni wakuti Homo neanderthalensis si kholo la munthu zamakono, ndipo wotsatira wake wa abale.

Kodi inu kutsindikiza angakwanitse maonekedwe a munthu oyambirira

Kuyambira ndi Shaafgauzena, "godfather" wa munthu Neanderthal akhala akuyesetsa ambiri recreate tione izi wakale hominid makombo a mutu wake ndi mafupa. Great bwino akwaniritsa mu KATSWIRI Soviet ndi zosemasema Mikhail Gerasimov. Iye analenga njira zake za kukonzanso maonekedwe anthu mothandizidwa ndi zotsalira chigoba. Adasanduka oposa mazana awiri ziboliboli m'mbiri zakale. Gerasimov komanso ankamangidwanso nkhope ya mochedwa Neanderthal ndi Cro-Magnon. Iye analenga Laboratory wa kukhazikitsanso anthropological akupitiriza bwinobwino kuchita kubwezeretsedwa kwa kunja kwa anthu akale tsopano.

Akalewa ndi Cro-Magnons - pali ofanana pakati pawo?

Izi nthumwi ziwiri za mtundu wa anthu anakhala kwa kanthawi m'nyengo wina ndi pachokhapachokha kwa zaka zikwi makumi awiri. Asayansi amanena za Cro-Magnon oimira oyambirira a munthu ano. Iwo anaonekera mu Europe 40 - 50 zikwi zapitazo ndipo zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi akalewa pa thupi ndi m'maganizo. Anali wamtali (180 cm), anali mphumi mwachindunji popanda yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda pamwamba, mphuno ndi yopapatiza zambiri zodziwika bwino chibwano. Maonekedwe, anthu awa ali pafupi kwambiri kwa munthu wamakono.

Zomwe chikhalidwe cha Cro-Magnon kuposa kupambana kwa akapolo anzawo akale. Popeza tinalandira kuchokera kwa makolo awo anayamba ubongo lalikulu ndi luso wosazindikira, ali kanthawi anapanga tumphatumpha chimphona patsogolo chitukuko. anapeza ndi chidwi. Mwachitsanzo, m'mapanga ndi mahema anapanga zikopa moyo akalewa ndi Cro-Magnons m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Koma anali womaliza ndi midzi woyamba inakhazikitsidwa definitively anapanga m'dera mafuko. Iwo yagonjetsa galu, anachita mwambo wa maliro, utoto kusaka zithunzi pa makoma m'mapanga, anathanso kupanga zipangizo osati miyala, koma chifukwa cha nyanga ndi mafupa. Cro-Magnons anali kulankhula kulankhula.

Choncho, kusiyana awa mitundu iwiri ya munthu wakale anali kwambiri.

Homo neanderthalensis ndi munthu wamakono

Kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi spores anali mu asayansi za umodzi wa oimira anthu akale ayenera kuonedwa ngati kholo la munthu. Tsopano mukudziwa zimene Neanderthal (zithunzi anatengedwa pa maziko a kumanganso zatsalira fupa, bwino kutsimikizira) mwakuthupi ndi kunja maonekedwe ndi wosiyana kwambiri sapiens Homo ndipo ndi kholo la munthu ano.

Kale pa nkhani imeneyi pali wina amazionera. Koma kafukufuku wa posachedwapa kupereka zifukwa kukhulupirira kuti makolo a sapiens Homo ankakhala Africa, omwe anali kunja moyo Homo neanderthalensis. Mu mbiri yawo yaitali kuphunzira fupa akhalabe mwa iwo sanapezepo pa Africa. Koma potsiriza nkhani linathera mu 1997 pamene University of Munich anali kuwerenga Neanderthal DNA. Kusiyana chibadwa kuti apezeka ndi asayansi kukhala waukulu kwambiri.

Kuphunzira matupi a Homo neanderthalensis Anapitiriza mu 2006. Zakhala chatsimikiziridwirapo mwasayansi kuti kusiyana mu majini a mtundu wa munthu wakale kuchokera amakono anayamba bwanji 500 zikwi zapitazo. Pakuti decoding DNA akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mafupa opezeka Croatia, Russia, Germany ndi Spain.

Choncho tikhoza kunena kuti Neanderthal munthu - ndi bwino kuti ife mitundu zinatha kuti si kholo mwachindunji sapiens Homo. Izi ndi nthambi ina ya banja lalikulu la hominids, womwenso, kuwonjezera pa makolo anthu ndipo zinatha, ndipo ngakhale anyani patsogolo.

Mu 2010, mu nthawi ya maphunziro a chibadwa Neanderthal apezeka mu mayiko ambiri masiku ano. Izi zikusonyeza kuti pakati Homo neanderthalensis ndi Cro-Magnon kusakaniza kumeneko.

Moyo ndi moyo wa anthu akale

Neanderthal (anthu akale amene ankakhala Middle Paleolithic) choyamba ntchito zida ambiri wosazindikira, kupeza iye kuchokera akalambula wake. Pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka latsopano, mitundu patsogolo kwambiri mfuti. Iwo akadali anapangidwa kuchokera mwala, koma kukhala osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta sayansi processing. Inapeza za mitundu sikisite mankhwala Ndipotu Kusiyana kwa mitundu itatu: nkhwangwa, scrapers ndi ostrokonechnikov.

Pa zofukulidwa Neanderthal malo cutters anali atamupeza awls, scrapers ndi serrated chida.

Scrapers kuthandiza kudula ndi kuvala nyama ndi zikopa, mfundo ngakhale onse akukhudza. Iwo ntchito monga mipeni, mipeni kwa kudula mpaka mitembo, monga spearheads ndi arrowheads. Ntchito akalewa ndi mafupa wakale kupanga zida. Iwo anali makamaka awls ndi nsonga, koma anapezeka ndi zinthu zikuluzikulu - mipeni ndi zibonga kwa lipenga.

Monga zida zankhondo, kunali wosazindikira kwambiri. view Aika, zikuoneka, anali ndi mkondo. Mfundo imeneyi zachokera maphunziro a mafupa nyama anapeza pa malo malo Neanderthal.

anthu awa wakale si mwayi ndi nyengo. Ngati akapolo anzawo akale ankakhala nthawi ofunda, ndiye ndi nthawi ya Homo neanderthalensis anayamba amphamvu ozizira kuziwerenga anayamba kupanga oundana. Malo anafanana padziko Titafika pamalo a. Choncho moyo Neanderthal anali wankhanza kwambiri ndipo zonse zolusa.

Nyumba akali anatumikira phanga, koma pang'onopang'ono anayamba kuoneka pomanga lotseguka - mahema zikopa za nyama ndi kapangidwe ka mafupa a mammoths.

maphunziro

Ambiri mwa munthu wakale ankachita nawo kukafunafuna chakudya. Kuchokera pa maphunziro osiyanasiyana, iwo anali miimba ndi alenje, koma ntchito iyi amafuna kugwirizana mu zochita. Malinga ndi asayansi, mitundu yaikulu malonda kwa akalewa anali nyama zikuluzikulu. Popeza munthu wakale anakhala gawo lalikulu, anthu anali osiyana: mammoths ng'ombe zakutchire ndi akavalo, zipembere wamaonekedwe a nkhope yaubweya, gwape. An nyama zofunika masewera padali phanga chimbalangondo.

Ngakhale kuti kupha nyama zazikulu wakhala ntchito yawo yaikulu, akalewa anapitiriza kuti akonze msonkhano. Kafukufuku, iwo sanali zimadya kwathunthu, ndipo chakudya chawo inkakhala mizu, mtedza ndi zipatso.

chikhalidwe

Neanderthal munthu - uwu si wosazindikira wokhalapo, monga ankaganiza m'zaka za m'ma XIX. anthu akale amene anakhalako Middle Paleolithic, anapanga azimuth chikhalidwe, lomwe linadzadziŵika chikhalidwe Mousterian. Panthawi imeneyi, iwo amayamba kubadwa kwa mtundu watsopano wa anthu - m'dera mafuko. Akalewa anasamalila a m'banja lake. Alenje musadye nyama pansi, natengedwa ake kubwerera kuphanga kwa atsogoleri ena.

Homo neanderthalensis sinali mphamvu yakulikoka kapena kulenga kanjedza nyama mwala kapena dongo. Koma mu malo ake magalimoto anapeza miyala ndi grooves chipindacho. Mtundu akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito zimakhalapo kofanana zida za mafupa ndi zokongoletsa kuchita mokhomerera mano nyama ndi zipolopolo.

Mkulu chikhalidwe Kukula kwa akalewa analankhula ndi miyambo yawo maliro. m'manda zoposa makumi awiri anapezeka. Thupi anaika mu maenje osaya mu kaimidwe wa mtulo ndi mikono anawerama ndi miyendo.

Wogwidwa ndi anthu akale ndi zoyambira za zamankhwala. Iwo amadziwa kuchiritsa fractures ndi dislocations. Ena anapezazo amati anthu oyambirira mbamphedza wa molasidwa.

Homo neanderthalensis - chinsinsi kutha wakale anthu

Pamene ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani Neanderthal otsiriza mbisoweka? chinsinsi ichi zili m'maganizo asayansi kwa zaka zambiri. Funso limeneli si ndendende kutsimikiziridwa yankho. Masiku ano sadziwa chifukwa zinyamazi osaonekanso, ndi sindingakhoze kunena kuti kwachititsa kuti kutha kwa wapafupi malasha wachibale wake.

Kwa nthawi yaitali ankakhulupirira kuti akalewa anali cholizira ake zambiri ndinazolowera ndipo anayamba Otsutsa - Cro-Magnon. Ndipo umboni wa mfundo imeneyi kwenikweni kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti munthu ano anaonekera mu Europe m'dera la Homo neanderthalensis padziko 50,000 zapitazo, ndipo zaka 30 zikwi za Neanderthal otsiriza mbisoweka. Akukhulupirira kuti izi zaka makumi awiri a mbali ndi mbali tikukhala mu malo aang'ono inali nthawi ya mpikisano mantha pakati mitundu iwiri kwa chuma. Cro-Magnon munthu anapambana chifukwa cha preponderance n'zosangalatsa kumva ndi kusinthasintha bwino.

Asayansi sagwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Ena atapereka awo amanena chimodzimodzi chidwi. Ambiri amati akalewa imawonongeka kusintha kwa nyengo. chakuti zaka 30 zikwi zapitazo ku Ulaya anayamba nthawi yaitali nyengo yozizira ndi youma. Mwina zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kutha kwa munthu wakale amene sanathe azolowere zinthu kusintha moyo.

Koma chiphunzitso zachilendo atapereka Saymon Anderdaun, katswiri Oxford University. Iye akukhulupirira kuti akalewa nkhondo matenda, ndilo khalidwe la odya anzawo. Monga amadziwika, kudya anthu Sizinali zachilendo pa nthawi.

Baibulo lina la kutha kwa anthu ichi wakale - kuloŵerera ndi Cro-Magnons.

Ikutha Homo neanderthalensis zimachitika zoumbika mosiyanasiyana pa nthawi. Pa Iberia anthu a mitundu ya hominids malasha moyo pambuyo Zakachikwi pambuyo kutha kwa ena a ku Ulaya.

Akalewa mu chikhalidwe zamakono

Zikamera wa munthu wakale, kulimbana kwake kwakukulu kwa moyo ndi chinsinsi cha mofulumira akhala nkhani ntchito mabuku ndi mafilimu. Joseph Anri Mkazi wake Roni Sr. analemba buku "Limbanani moto" imene ankamutama otsutsa ndipo anajambula mu 1981. The filimu ya dzina chomwecho anapambana yapamwamba mphoto - ndi "Oscar". Mu 1985, a kupenta "The Fuko la Cave Nyamuliranani" analengedwa, lomwe limafotokoza mmene mtsikana wa banja atamwalira awo fuko Cro-Magnon anamukwiyira ophunzira akalewa.

Latsopano filimu wodzipereka kwa anthu akale, analengedwa mu 2010. Ndi "The Last Neanderthal munthu" - nkhani ya EO otsala ochitidwa yekha wa mtundu wina. Pa cithunzithunzi ici, chifukwa cha imfa Homo neanderthalensis anakhala osati Cro-Magnons, amene anaukira oyimitsira awo ndi kuphedwa, koma ndi matenda osadziwika. Palinso kuganizira kuthekera kuloŵerera wa akalewa ndi Homo sapiens. Anajambula mu kalembedwe zopelekedwa ndi mwaumbanda pa zabwino sayansi.

Komanso, akalewa nkhani ya mafilimu ambiri, akutiuza za moyo wawo, ntchito, chikhalidwe, komanso kukambirana chiphunzitso ikutha.