Kugalukira Chihangare cha 1965: amachititsa, zotsatira

Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1956 chochitika zinachitika kuti atagwa ulamuliro wa chikominisi mayina monga kugalukira Chihangare, koma magwero Soviet otchedwa potsimikizira-chosintha kupanduka. Koma, ziribe kanthu momwe iwo zimaonetsa ideologues inayake, anali kuyesa mwa anthu Chihangare mfuti napasula ovomereza-Soviet boma mu dziko. Iye anabwera angapo zochitika zofunika za Cold nkhondo, amene anasonyeza kuti USSR anali wokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito asilikali kukhala ulamuliro wake pa mayiko a Warsaw ke.

Kukhazikitsidwa ulamuliro wa chikominisi

Kumvetsa zimayambitsa kugalukira zimene zinachitika mu 1956, ayenera kuganizira zinthu zoweta ndale ndiponso zachuma ya dziko 1956. Choyamba, tisaiwale kuti pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, Hungary kumenyana kumbali ya Anazi Choncho, malinga ndi nkhani ya Paris Mtendere, yolembedwa ndi adani, Soviet Union ndi ufulu kupitiriza m'gawo lake asilikali ake mpaka kusiya a magulu anagwirizana utakhala ku Austria.

Chikadzangotha nkhondo, chisankho inachitika ku Hungary, kumene Ngwachikwanekwane Smallholders Party ndi ambiri kwambiri ya mavoti anagonjetsa chikominisi vac - Chihangare Ntchito Party anthu. Monga anadziwika ina, chiŵerengero chinali 57% molimbana ndi 17%. Komabe, kudalira thandizo ndi mu dziko linakhazikika ya Soviet asilikali mu 1947 Vac mwachinyengo, kumuopseza kuti akuyendeni pansi anagwira mphamvu ndi kupatsa ufulu kukhala yekha mzikoli.

mwana wa Stalin

chikominisi Chihangare anayesa kuti atsanzire mu mamembala ake Soviet chipani, ndicho chifukwa mtsogoleri wawo Matyas Rakosi anali yotchuka dzina Stalin bwino mwana. Izi "ulemu" Iye anadalitsidwa chifukwa chakuti m'dziko atakhala ndi kupondereza munthu, mu zonse poyesa kutengera chitsanzo Stalinist wa ulamuliro. Mu chikhalidwe cha nkhanza zosaneneka ndi mphamvu kuchitidwa mafakitale ndi collectivization, ndi M'zikhulupiriro mopanda chisoni mumtima mitundu yonse dissent. Dziko chasanduka nkhondo ndi Mpingo wa Katolika.

Mu ulamuliro wa Rakosi analenga wamphamvu chitetezo zida - ndi AVH, anali mu malo ake antchito 28 zikwi amene anathandiza 40 zikwi akazitape ... magulu onse Chihangare nzika moyo pansi pa ulamuliro wa utumiki. Monga anadziwika mu nthawi pambuyo chikominisi, owona anatseguka pa anthu mamiliyoni a dziko, chimene 655 zikwi. Anali akuvutitsidwa, ndi 450 zikwi. Kutumikira maunso m'ndende. Iwo ntchito monga ufulu ntchito m'migodi ndi migodi.

Mu dera chuma, komanso mu ndale, panali mavuto kwambiri. Iyo inali kuyambitsidwa ndi chakuti ngati angakuthandizeni lankhondo la Germany, Hungary alipire Soviet Union, Yugoslavia ndi Czechoslovakia kukonza yokulirapo chobwezera cha zomwe pafupifupi kotala ndalama national anapita. Ndithudi, izi ndi kungasokoneze kwambiri pa mfundo moyo wa nzika wamba.

Mwachidule m'firiji pamtunda andale

Ena kusintha moyo wa dziko anadza mu 1953, pamene, chifukwa cha kulephera zoonekeratu mafakitale ndi chifooke kuthamanga maganizo kwa Soviet Union, chifukwa cha imfa ya Stalin, anthu ankadana Matyas Rakosi anachotsedwa ku positi mutu wa boma. Iye anali m'malo ndi wina Communist - Imre Nagy, wochirikiza ya kusintha mwamsanga ndi kwakukulu muzochitika zones za moyo.

Chifukwa cha miyeso amawatenga ngati kutsazikana ndi wakhululukidwa chizunzo andale a wovulalayo kale. Special lamulo Nagy kutha kwa internment wa anthu ndi kuchotsedwa awo amakakamizidwa kuchokera m'mizinda pa malo ochezera. Komanso, ntchito yomanga angapo maofesi opanda pake lalikulu mafakitale ndi inaperekedwa kwa Ayudawo njira kulongosola chitukuko cha chakudya ndi kuwala makampani mipingo. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, maboma kuchepa kuthamanga pa ulimi, yafupika tariffs kwa anthu ndi kuchepetsedwa mtengo wa katundu.

The resumption wa Inde Stalinist ndi chiyambi cha zipolowe za

Komabe, ngakhale kuti kuchita zimenezi apanga mutu watsopano wa boma chotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu, iwo anali ndi chifukwa aggravation wa mkati chipani kulimbana vac. Anachotsedwa positi mutu wa boma, koma kukhalabe malo ake kutsogolera mu Party, Matyas Rakosi ndi zokhota chinsinsi, ndipo ndi thandizo la Soviet Achikominisi anakwanitsa kugonjetsa mdani ndale. Chifukwa cha Imre Nagy, amene zikumangidwa ziyembekezo zawo pa ambiri a anthu wamba mu dziko, anachotsedwa pa ofesi ndipo adawapitikitsa chipani.

Chifukwa cha ichi zinachitikadi ndi Anthu Achikomyunizimu Chihangare kuyambiranso utsogoleri wa mzere boma Stalinist ndi kupitiriza wa zandale. Zonsezi wachititsa kusakhutira kwambiri zigawo lonse la anthu. Anthu anayamba poyera kuti amafuna kubwerera ku mphamvu ya Nadia, chisankho lagona pa zifukwa zina ndipo crucially, linanena bungwe kuchokera ku dziko la asilikali Soviet. Izi lamulo lomaliza makamaka zogwirizana kuyambira kusaina mu May 1955, ku Warsaw ke maziko a Soviet Union kukhalabe chimadalira ake a asilikali ku Hungary.

Kugalukira Chihangare anali chifukwa cha aggravation ya mavuto azandale dziko mu 1956. Yofunika kwambiri nyimbo ndi zochitika za chaka chimenechi ku Poland, kumene kunali lotseguka odana ndi zomwe kulankhula. Izi zinachititsa kuwongola maganizo yovuta pakati pa ophunzira ndi luntha kulemba. Mu m'ma October, mbali yaikulu ya achinyamata anati achire ake ku "Union Democratic wa Youth", ndi analogue ya Soviet Komsomol, ndi kulowa mu analipo kale, koma overclocked chikominisi wophunzira wamphumphu.

Monga zambiri choncho m'mbuyomu, ndakupatsani kutsogolera chiyambi cha ophunzira kugalukira. Pa October 22, iwo anali kukonza ndi kuperekedwa zofuna za boma monga poika Nagy nduna yaikulu, gulu la chisankho demokalase kusiya la asilikali Soviet ku dziko ndi kugwetsa chipilala kuti Stalin. Mbendera zolembedwa ndi ofunitsitsa kunyamula ophunzira anakonza yotsatira tsiku m'dzikolo ziwonetsero.

October 23, 1956

chionetsero cha ichi, umene unayamba mu Budapest, ndendende maola khumi ndi zisanu, anakopeka ophunzira oposa mazana awiri zikwi. History of Hungary nkomwe akukumbukira kanthu, chifuniro agwirizana ndale. Pa nthawiyi, kazembe Soviet Union, mutu tsogolo la KGB, Yuri Andropov yomweyo anapempha Moscow kukanena mwatsatanetsatane zonse zikuchitika mu dziko. Tinayamba uthenga wake pamawu kupereka mabuku Chihangare achikomyunizimu kuphatikizapo usilikali, chithandizo.

Ndi madzulo a tsiku lomwelo yemwenso Mlembi Choyamba Erno Gero VPT analankhula pa wailesi kutsutsa zionetserowo ndi kumuopseza ndi iwo. Ataona zimenezi, zionetserowo chikhamu anathamangira kwa mphepo nyumbayi, kumene kunali wailesi situdiyo. Pakati pa iwo ndi mabungwe a asilikali a zachitetezo boma zida zipolowe zinachitika chifukwa imene inalipo woyamba kuphedwa ndiwobvulazidwa.

Pochenjeza za zionetserowo zida atolankhani Soviet amati kuti poyamba kwa Hungary mabungwe Western nzeru. Komabe, kuchokera umboni wa zochitika za gulu limasonyeza kuti wakhala analandira, kapena wachotsedwa reinforcements anatumiza kuthandiza zokometsera wailesi. Komanso anali ncho mu malo a chitetezo boma ndipo anagwira maofesi apolisi.

Posachedwa kugalukira linafalikira lonse wa Budapest. The Army ndi State Security Division analibe wotsutsa aliyense lalikulu, choyamba, chifukwa cha kukula kwake kakang'ono - panali awiri ndi zikwi theka, ndipo kachiwiri, chifukwa chakuti ambiri mwa iwo poyera chifundo ndi opandukawo.

Kulowa loyamba la asilikali Soviet ku Hungary

Komanso tinalandira lamulo ayi kutsegula moto osalakwa, ndipo analanda mphamvu asilikali kuchitapo kanthu aakulu. Zotsatira zake kunapezeka ambiri a malo ofunika madzulo pa October 23 m'manja a anthu; zida malo, manyuzipepala yosindikiza komanso Central Station. Pozindikira za kuopsa vutoli, pa 24 October, chikominisi usiku, pofuna kuti apeze nthawi, yemwenso Imre Nadya nduna yaikulu, pamene iwo anakadandaula ku boma la USSR ndi pempho kwa oyamba a asilikali ku Hungary kupondereza kugalukira Chihangare.

Chithandizo zotsatira zake zinali oyamba m'dziko la asilikali dziko 6.500, 295 akasinja ndi ambiri zipangizo ankhondo. Poyankha pangozi imeneyi anapanga Chihangare Committee National anafunsa pulezidenti US ndi makonzedwe a thandizo la asilikali kuti opandukawo.

magazi loyamba

M'mawa wa pa October 26, pa masewera pabwalopo pafupi ndi nyumba yamalamulo, kuchokera padenga la nyumba anatsegula moto, chifukwa imfa ya kapitawo wa Soviet, adakhalanso pa thankiyo moto. Zimenezi zinayambitsa kubwerera moto, umene ndalama miyoyo ya mazana zionetserowo. Uthenga zimene zinachitika kufalitsa mwamsanga mu dzikoli ndipo anamupangitsa kuphedwa kwa anthu ndi apolisi ndi asilikali.

Ngakhale kuti kuti matenda zinthu pa dziko boma linalengeza Amnesty ophunzira onse kupanduka kwawo ndinagona pansi zida zawo, ndewu masiku awa. Ndekuti momwe zinthu zikusinthira ndi m'malo a Mlembi Choyamba Erno Gero János VPT Kadaroam. M'madera ambiri, utsogoleri wa chipani ndi boma mabungwe chabe wathawa, ndipo malo awo zokha anapanga maboma a m'mayikowo.

Achire wa asilikali Soviet ku dziko ndi chiyambi cha chisokonezo

Monga gulu chochitika, pambuyo chochitika Kalanga m'bwalo kutsogolo kwa asilikali yamalamulo Soviet sanatenge zochita yogwira ndi zionetserowo. Potsatira mawu ndi Nduna Imre Nagy kumudzudzula wakale "Stalinist" njira ya utsogoleri, ndi kuvunda kwa magulu chitetezo boma ndi chiyambi cha zokambirana kusiya la asilikali Soviet kuchokera kumudzi, anthu ambiri amaganiza kuti kugalukira Chihangare wafika zotsatira ankafuna. Nkhondo mzinda anaima, nthawi yoyamba mu masiku otsiriza chete. Nadia chifukwa cha zokambirana ndi utsogoleri Soviet anali achire wa asilikali, amene anayamba October 30.

Masiku ano, m'madera ambiri a dziko anali chisokonezo wathunthu. nyumba Old mphamvu zawonongedwa, ndipo atsopano sanalengedwe. Boma, kupezeka mu Budapest, pafupifupi ziribe mphamvu pa zomwe zinkachitika m'misewu, ndipo panali nyamuka lakuthwa upandu kuyambira ndende pamodzi ndi akaidi a zandale linatulutsidwa zigawenga zoposa zikwi khumi.

Komanso, zinthu ndi kuwonjezera mfundo yakuti Chihangare utasintha cha 1956 posapita nthaŵi anayamba radicalized. Zimenezi zinachititsa kupulula a asilikali, anthu omwe ankagwira ntchito mabungwe chitetezo boma, ndipo ngakhale udindo wapamwamba Chikomyunizimu. Mu nyumba HWP Committee chapakati chimodzi chokha anaphedwa pa atsogoleri chipani makumi awiri. Masiku amenewo, zithunzi za matupi ziwalo anawuluka pamwamba pa masamba a maudindo ambiri mdziko. Kukwera Chihangare anayamba kutenga mbali ya "opusa ndi opanda chifundo" kuukira.

Re-kulowa usilikali

The yimitsira wotsatira wa kugalukira ndi asilikali a Soviet zidatheka makamaka chifukwa cha udindo anatengedwa ndi boma la US. ofesi Nagy a usilikali ndipo thandizo pa zachuma, Achimereka pa nthawi yofunika anasiya ntchito zawo, kusiya Moscow ulere alowerere zinthu. Chihangare utasintha cha 1956 anali pafupifupi silingayende bwino pamene October 31 msonkhano wa Komiti chapakati cha CPSU N. S. Hruschov anaitana kukhazikitsidwa kwa miyeso kwambiri kwakukulu kukhazikitsa boma achikominisiti dziko.

Pamaziko a malangizo ake Soviet silikhali Minister , polimbana G. K. Zhukov anatsogolera dongosolo chitukuko cha kuwukira onyamula zida a Hungary, amatchedwa "mmene kanyamaka". Iye anaitanitsa nawo Nkhondo khumi oti muli nazo zida, Moto ndi oyenda magawano, ndi thandizo la Air Force ndi mayunitsi airborne. Pakuti kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi, ife analankhula pafupifupi onse atsogoleri a mayiko membala wa Warsaw ke.

Opaleshoni "Whirlwind" anayamba ndi chakuti pa November 3, mphamvu ya Soviet KGB, anamangidwa posachedwapa yoikidwiratu nduna ya silikhali, Major General Chihangare mnzako Maléter. Izi zinachitika pa nkhani yomwe inachitika ku Tokole, pafupi Budapest. Kuyamba chimadalira yaikulu ya zachitetezo adalamulira panokha G. K. Zhukov, anapangidwa m'mawa. The chifukwa boma pakuti iyi inali pempho la boma, lotsogoledwa ndi János Kadar. Mu nthawi yochepa asilikali anagwira malo onse waukulu wa Budapest. Imre Nagy, kuti apulumutse moyo wawo, anasiya nyumba boma ndipo anabisala mu ofesiyo Yugoslavia. Kenako, chinyengo chakecho kuti akope kunja, kumpereka khoti ndipo pa mnzako Maléter poyera anapachikidwa ngati oukira wa Mama.

Yogwira yimitsira cha kugalukira ndi

The zochitika zazikulu zinachitika pa November 4. Pakati pa likulu la zigawenga Chihangare anatumiza asilikali Soviet wosimidwa kukana. Kupondereza anali ntchito flamethrowers ndi projectiles incendiary ndi utsi. nkhawa yekha wa anthuwo kuvutika mayiko ammudzi ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu wamba ovulala anali lamulo la mabomba a mzinda kale anakulira ndege mlengalenga.

Masiku ochepa anapondereza m'matumba onse alipo kukaniza, ndiye Chihangare utasintha cha 1956 natenga maonekedwe kulimbana mobisa ndi boma chikominisi. Mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana, zilibe kuchepa m'zaka lotsatira. Kamodzi dziko potsiriza anatsimikizira boma ovomereza-Union anayamba kumanga unyinji wa ophunzira kugalukira posachedwapa. History of Hungary kamodzinso kuyamba kukula pa nkhani Stalinist.

Akatswiri ofufuza amanena kuti pa nthawi imene anapangidwa za 360 ziganizo imfa, 25 chikwi. Nzika chifukwa chogwira, ndi 14 zikwi. Mwa iwo anali kutumikira maunso m'ndende. Kwa zaka zambiri kuseri kwa "chitsulo nsaru", kudula mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya ku dziko lonse linali ndi Hungary. USSR - chitetezo chachikulu cha malingaliro chikominisi - vigilantly kuonera zonse zikuchitika mmaiko ulamuliro wake.