Asilikali a Dziko Lapansi. The yokoka mphamvu ya Earth

Kusintha nthawi zonse kumafuna khama ena. kusintha kulikonse sizidzachitika popanda asatengere. Ndipo chitsanzo zoonekeratu - kwathu dziko, anapanga mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana kwa zaka mabiliyoni angapo. N'kofunikanso kuti kusintha zonse mu njira ya Earth - chifukwa cha mphamvu zakunja komanso mkati, iwo amene ali zobisika kwambiri m'chikondi cha geosphere lapansi.

Ndipo ngati makumi awiri kapena atatu, nkhope ya dziko lapansili ayenera kusintha mwachangu, izo mwachionekere sadzakhala superfluous kumvetsa njira, mmene zotsatira izo.

kusintha mkati

Mapiri ndi chibowo, tokhala ndi roughness, komanso zinthu zina zambiri mpumulo m'dziko - zonse nthawi zonse kusinthidwa, n'kugwa ndi kutitengera amphamvu mkati. Nthawi zambiri, asayembekezere amakhalabe kunja munda wathu wa masomphenya. Komabe ngakhale pa mphindi ino, dziko lapansi pang'onopang'ono pansi kusintha zina kuti m'kupita kwa nthaŵi adzakhala wamkulu kwambiri.

Kuyambira beingness wa Aroma akale ndi Ahelene ankaonedwa kulimbikitsa ndi subsidence zigawo zosiyana za lithosphere, ndi kuchititsa kusintha mu contours a nyanja, dziko ndi nyanja. Yaitali kufufuza ntchito zosiyanasiyana umisiri ndi zipangizo kwathunthu akutitsimikizira izi.

Msinkhu wa m'mapiri

Wosakwiya ukusuntha zigawo munthu kutumphuka pang'onopang'ono kumabweretsa awo superposed. Tikakumana mu kuyenda yopingasa, strata unakhota awo, crumple ndi pindani lidzasinthidwa mamba osiyana ndi steepness. Total sayansi chimasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ya kayendedwe orogenic (orogeny)

• Oumbidwa matabwa - mitundu monga makutu otukukira kunja (zitunda) ndi concave (maganizo m'madera phiri). Ndi pamenepa ndipo panali dzina la mapiri apangidwe kuti pang'onopang'ono anawononga pa nthawi, kusiya okha maziko. Pa anapanga m'chipululu.
• Fracturing - lapansi mapangidwe mwina khwinya okha makutu, komanso pansi zolakwa. Choncho anapanga khola-chipika (kapena monga blocky) Phiri: skids, ufa, ochepa iwo ndi mbali zina angabuke kusamutsidwa ofukula (kukweza / kutsitsa pansi) mbali ya kutumphuka ndi ulemu kwa wina ndi mzake.

Koma mphamvu lamkati la dziko lapansi amatha wa crease osati ndipo zigwa kumapiri agwetsedwe maphunziro akale a mapiri. Movement mbale lithospheric komanso kungadzutse zivomezi ndi kuphulitsa mapiri, zomwe nthawi zambiri limodzi ndi owonongedwa zoopsa ndi imfa anthu.

Kupuma mwa matumbo a

N'zovuta kulingalira kuti alipidwa munthu aliyense akuti "kuphulika" Kale anali kwambiri akuopsa kamvekedwe. Poyamba, chifukwa choona cha chodabwitsa mwambo kugwirizana ndi mkwiyo wa milungu. N'kumatulutsa kuchokera mu kuya kwa chiphalaphala Umayenda ankaona chilango Chaukali infractions pa zivundi. zomvetsa zoopsa chifukwa kuphulitsa mapiri kuyambira chiyambi cha nyengo yathu. Choncho, mwachitsanzo, zazikulu mzinda wachiroma wa Pompeii wakhala achotsa ku nkhope ya Dziko Lapansi. Mphamvu ya dziko pa nthawi imeneyo anawulula mphamvu kotheratu kwa phiri tsopano odziwika Vesuvius. Mwa njira, analembedwa akuti mbiri chosungikira kwa Aroma. Chotero anaitana mulungu wawo wa moto.

Munthu ano phiri - mbewa zakufa woboola pakati phiri pamwamba ming'alu makungwa. Kudzera mwa iwo pamwamba pa dziko lapansi, nyanja, kapena nyanja pansi anakalipa chiphalaphala ndi mpweya ndi makombo thanthwe. Pakati pa maphunziro ndi Chigwa (kuchokera Greek - "chikho"), imene pali umuna ndi. Pamene chiphalaphala solidifies, likukhalira ku chiphalaphala ndipo ndipamene ndondomeko ya phiri. Komabe, ngakhale kumapiri a phirilo ichi zambiri ming'alu, potero kupanga zimaphala parasitic.

Nthawi zambiri kuphulika limodzi ndi chivomezi. Koma kuopsa kwambiri zamoyo zonse ndi mpweya monga ku Earth. Kumasulidwa kwa mpweya kuchokera chiphalaphala ndi mofulumira kwambiri, wamphamvu mabomba kenako - wamba.

Ndi mtundu wa mapiri kanthu anawagawa mitundu ingapo:

• Opaleshoni - onse kuphulika lomaliza limene pali umboni zopelekedwa. Wotchuka kwambiri pakati pawo: Vesuvius (Italy), Popocatepetl (Mexico), Etna (Spain).
• Ikhoza yogwira - zimatha kuyambitsa kawirikawiri (zaka kamodzi pa masauzande ochepa).
• Zinatha - izi ndi udindo wa mapiri, kuphulika yomaliza ndi imene zopelekedwa umboni sichinayambe anapulumutsidwa.

zotsatira za zivomezi

Mosinthana miyala zambiri zoyambitsa kusinthasintha mofulumira ndi mwamphamvu mu kutumphuka dziko lapansi. Izi zimachitika nthawi zambiri m'dera la mapiri ataliatali - malo awa ali Kupitiriza mosalekeza anapanga.

Malo kuwasintha mu kutumphuka Lapansi imatchedwa hypocenter kuya (moto). Kwa izo amathandiza mafunde kuti kulenga Phokoso. panayambira - mfundo pansi, mwachindunji umene pakati ili. Mu malo awa pali inagwedezeka wamphamvu. Monga motalikira nthawi imeneyi bwino anayamba kuchepa.

Science seismology, imaphunzira chodabwitsa cha zivomezi, limatchula mitundu zitatu zivomezi:

1. Tectonic - orogenic chachikulu china. Ndi chifukwa cha kugunda kwa nsanja zikuluzikulu ndi chokhala.
2. Chiphala - n'chiyani utuluke chiphalaphala red-hot, ndi mpweya kuchokera subsurface lapansi. Kawirikawiri ali ofooka kwambiri, ngakhale kuti zingatenge masabata angapo. Nthawi zambiri ndi harbingers cha kuphulika kwa phiri, amene ana amakumana ndi mavuto kwambiri.
3. Landslip - uka kwa kugwa kwa zigawo chapamwamba a dziko lapansi adzaza voids okha.

Mphamvu ya zivomezi anatsimikiza pa Richter lonse ntchito seismological zipangizo. Ndipo wamkulu matalikidwe mafunde mu M'badwo padziko lapansi, wamkulu adzakhala kuwonongeka. The anafooka chivomezi, anayeza pa mfundo 1-4, akhoza ananyalanyaza. Iwo analemba wapadera zida tcheru seismological. Anthu iwo anawonetseredwa mu mawonekedwe a pazipita kugwedeza galasi kapena pang'ono kusuntha nkhani. Mu ambiri wake kwathunthu kosaoneka ndi maso.

Nawonso kusinthasintha mu mfundo 5-7 mwina kuyambitsa zosiyanasiyana kuvulala, ngakhale zazing'ono. zivomezi mphamvu kale loopsa kwambiri, kusiya nyumba imawonongeka, pafupifupi inawonongedwa zofunikira ndi zomvetsa anthu.

Chaka chilichonse kuti Seismology kulembetsa 500 zikwi lapansi kutumphuka oscillations. Mwamwayi, koma lachisanu la nambala kuti kwenikweni maganizo anthu ndi 1,000 okha ndi kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwenikweni.

Dziwani zambiri za zomwe zimakhudza nyumba yathu wamba kuchokera kunja

Mosalekeza kusintha zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi lathuli, mphamvu lamkati la Dziko sakhala yekha kupanga chinthu. Amagwira ntchito ndondomeko izi ndi zinthu zambiri kunja.

Kuwononga monyanyira ambiri ndi kudzaza cavities mobisa, iwo atchule chopereka kwambiri kwa Kusintha mosalekeza a padziko lapansi. Dziwani kuti kuwonjezera loyenda madzi, mphepo ndi kanthu yowononga yokoka, mwachindunji pa dziko lawo lomwelo ndipo tili kugwira ncthito.

asintha mphepo

Kuwonongedwa ndi kutembenuka kwa thanthwe makamaka chimachitika mchikakamizo cha weathering. Zilibe kulenga mitundu yatsopano ya mpumulo, koma wawononga zolimba kuti chikhalidwe lotayirira.

Mu malo lotseguka komwe kulibe nkhalango ndi mavuto, mchenga ndi particles dothi mothandizidwa ndi mphepo akhoza maulendo ataliatali. Zitatero, iwo apanga masango landforms aeolian (liwu linachoka ku chi Herene mulungu Aeolus - wolamulira mphepo).

Mwachitsanzo - mchenga mapiri. Milu m'chipululu ali yekha mchikakamizo cha mphepo. Nthawi zina, kutalika wawo akayamba mazana mamita.

Mu njira yomweyo zingaunjikane madipoziti nyanja thanthwe, wopangidwa mwa fumbi. Ali ndi mtundu grayish-chikasu ndipo amatchedwa loess.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti, kusunthira pa liwilo, zosiyanasiyana particles osati kudziunjikira mu mapangidwe latsopano, komanso pang'onopang'ono kuwononga anakumana mu njira zimachititsa chilumbachi ake.

Weathering a miyala ndi a mitundu inayi:

1. Mankhwala - lagona pa zochita mankhwala pakati mchere ndi chilengedwe (madzi, Mpweya wabwino). Chifukwa, miyala anawonongedwa, m'nyanjazi awo mankhwala zowawa kusintha mapangidwe zina mchere watsopano ndi mankhwala.
2. Thupi - makina amachititsa kugwa kwa miyala mchikakamizo cha zinthu zingapo. Woyamba thupi weathering kumachitika pamene ndithu kutentha yofanana masana. Mphepo, pamodzi ndi zivomezi, ndi kuphulitsa mapiri mudslides zinthu zofanana ndi weathering thupi.
3. Tizilombo - ikuchitika ndi nawo zamoyo, amene ntchito kumabweretsa kupangidwa kwa mapangidwe qualitatively watsopano - nthaka. Mmene zomera ndi nyama zikusonyezedwa njira mawotchi: onongani miyala mmbuyo ndi ziboda, kukumba maenje, etc. Makamaka mu zikuluzikulu udindo kwachilengedwenso weathering uli tizilombo ...
4. Dzuwa, kapena weathering dzuwa. Chitsanzo chabwino cha chiwonongeko thanthwe pansi kukhudzana ngati - chikondwererochi regolith. Komanso, cheza cha weathering makhalidwe komanso ndaitchula mitundu itatu.

mitundu yonse ya weathering kaŵirikaŵiri amawonekera osakaniza, amaphatikiza yofanana osiyana. Komabe, m'malo osiyanasiyana nyengo kusokoneza predominance munthu. Mwachitsanzo, m'madera ndi nyengo youma ndi m'madera a mapiri ataliatali kawirikawiri ankakumana weathering thupi. Pakuti madera nyengo yozizira kutentha nthawi zambiri kwanthawi 0 digiri Celsius, yodziwika osati kukokoloka chisanu, komanso pamodzi ndi mankhwala organic.

zotsatira yokoka

Ngakhale mndandanda wa asilikali kunja padziko lathuli sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kutchula kwa mogwirizana zikuluzikulu zinthu zonse zakuthupi - ndi mphamvu yokoka ya Dziko Lapansi.

Aonongedwa ambiri achilengedwe ndipo anapanga zinthu, miyala ndi zonse pansi pa kayendedwe ka dothi m'madera zomwe zili pa m'munsi. Choncho kwaiye kugumuka, zinyalala, nakhala kuchitika kugumuka. Mphamvu yokoka ya Dziko Lapansi koyamba zingaoneke chinthu chosaoneka ndi maziko a mawonetseredwe wamphamvu komanso woopsa zinthu zina kunja. Koma chikoka awo onse pa mpumulo wa padziko lonse chabe angaimbidwenso popanda yokoka.

Ife adzamvetsa mwatsatanetsatane ndi amadza kuti ochitachita yokoka. Mu zikhalidwe za dziko lathuli thupi chuma ndi wofanana mphamvu za anyamata a Dziko Lapansi. Mu zimango chakale, mogwirizana izi analongosola zonse zodziwika kusukulu, malamulo Newton wa kukoka konsekonse. Malinga ndi iye, F liri mankhwala yokoka mu mamita ga, kumene mamita - Unyinji wa chinthu, ndi ga - mathamangitsidwe ufulu kugwa (nthawi zonse wofanana 10). Mphamvu ya pamwamba yokoka dziko lapansi chimakhudzira thupi yonse inali mwachindunji pa izo, ndi kutseka izo. Ngati thupi amakhudza yekha kukopa Mphamvu (ndi magulu ena onse matanthauzo moyenera), ndi pansi chatsika kwambiri. Koma abwino ake onse ndi malo amene asilikali wochititsa thupi pa padziko Lapansi zoona, kuchepetsa, khalidwe la yosesa. Mu zenizeni tsiku ndi tsiku tili kukumana ndithu zochitika zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, pa chinthu kugwa mu mlengalenga amakhudza onse kufunika kukana mpweya. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kukakamiza yokoka Earth adzakhala amphamvu kwambiri, ndegeyi sadzapulumuka moona ndi tanthauzo.

N'zochititsa chidwi zotsatira yokoka kulibe yekha mu zikhalidwe za dziko lathuli, komanso pa mlingo wa dongosolo lathu dzuwa lonse. Mwachitsanzo, zimene zambiri amakopa mwezi? Lapansi, kapena Sun? Pokhala digiri ya sayansi m'munda wa zakuthambo, ambiri ndithu kudabwa ndi yankholo.

Chifukwa mphamvu ya kukopa Earth Kanema zokolola dzuwa pafupifupi nthawi 2.5! M'pomveka kuganizira mmene thupi wakumwamba alibe nadzawasankhula Moon ku dziko lathuli woterowo mphamvu? Ndipotu pankhani imeneyi, mtengo umene uli wofanana ndi mphamvu yokoka ya Earth wachibale Kanema, ndi zambiri wolephera kuti dzuwa. Mwamwayi, sayansi akhoza kuyankha funso limeneli.

astronautics ongolankhula kwa Zikatero amagwiritsa mfundo zingapo:

• Mbali thupi M1 - madera ozungulira padziko chinthu M1, mkati limene chinthu chokwawa ndi mamita;
• M thupi - chinthu chokwawa momasuka mwa kuchuluka kwa chinthu M1;
• M2 thupi - chinthu, amathandiza ovutitsa pa gululi.

Zingaoneke - kukhala mphamvu zikuluzikulu yokoka. Earth amakopa Moon ndi yochepa kwambiri kuposa dzuwa, koma pali chinthu china, amene ali amadza komaliza.

Akamanena lonse ndi kuonetsetsa kuti m2 amafuna kuphwanya ubale yokoka pakati zinthu mamita ndi M1 powapatsa accelerations osiyana. Mtengo wa chizindikiro ichi zimadalira kutalika kwa chinthu m2. Komabe, kusiyana pakati pa angapo kuwapereka kwa accelerations thupi mamita m2 ndi M1 n'chochepa kuposa kusiyana kwa accelerations mamita ndi M1 mwachindunji mu kukula masika. nuance Ichi ndi chifukwa chake m2 sangathe kugwetsera mamita kuchokera M1.

Tangoganizani amafanana ndi Dziko Lapansi (M1), dzuwa (m2) ndi Moon (m). Kusiyana kwa accelerations, amene amalenga dzuwa wachibale dziko lapansi ndi mwezi, nthawi 90 zosakwana mathamangitsidwe ambiri, ndiwo khalidwe la mwezi wachibale kumunda padziko lapansi kanthu (m'mimba mwake - makilomita miliyoni 1, mtunda pakati pa Dziko Lapansi ndi Moon - miliyoni 0,38 makilomita). A mbali yofunika osati ankaimba ndi mphamvu ndi chimene dziko lapansi amakopa mwezi, ndi ambiri a mathamangitsidwe kusiyana pakati pawo. Chifukwa iyi Sun zitha deform kanjira wa mwezi, koma sanatenge icho kwa lathuli.

Tiyeni ngakhale kuti: zotsatira yokoka mu amawasonyeza mosiyanasiyana khalidwe la zinthu zina ozungulira dzuŵa lathu. Kodi kwenikweni zingamvekere, Popeza kuti mphamvu yokoka Padziko Lapansi ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi maplaneti ena?

Izi zimaononga osati kayendedwe ka miyala ndi mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano ya mpumulo, komanso kulemera kwawo. Kwenikweni dziwani kuti chizindikiro ichi anatsimikiza mtima yokoka. Ndi mwachindunji njila kwa unyinji wa dziko ankaona ndi inversely njila kwa lalikulu la utali wozungulira ake chomwecho.

Kukanakhala kuti dziko lathu flattened mizati ndipo anatambasula pafupi equator, kulemera kwa thupi pa nkhope yonse ya padziko lonse chimodzimodzi. Koma ife sitikhala mu mpira wangwiro, ndi utali wozungulira yamphamvu ndi yaitali kuposa kozizira pafupifupi 21 Km. Chifukwa kulemera kwa chinthu chomwecho adzakhala ankawonjezereka mizati ndi equator ndi zovuta. Koma ngakhale mfundo ziwirizi, mphamvu yokoka pa Dziko Lapansi osiyana pang'ono. kusiyana Miniscule kulemera kwa chinthu chomwecho zitha anayeza ntchito bwino masika.

Ndi zinthu mosiyana mawu a mapulaneti ena. Chifukwa ndi losavuta kumva, ife akusonyeza kuti Mars. Misa wofiira dziko nthawi 9,31 zochepa pa dziko, ndi utali wozungulira wa - nthawi 1,88 ang'onoang'ono. Chinthu choyamba, motero, ndi kuchepetsa mphamvu yokoka pa Mars poyerekeza ndi dziko lathuli pa nthawi 9.31. Pa nthawi yomweyo chinthu chachiwiri kuwonjezeka kwa nthawi zake 3.53 (1.88 lofanana mbali zonse). Chifukwa, mphamvu yokoka pa Mars ndi za gawo limodzi la Lapansi (3.53: 9.31 = 0.38). Choncho, mwala wopunthwitsa mu dziko ndi makilogalamu 100 adzakhala kulemera pa Mars ndendende 38 kg.

Anapatsidwa mphamvu ndi chibadidwe Lapansi yokoka, izo angayerekezedwe mu mzere umodzi pakati Uranus ndi Venus (kukopa kwa dziko lapansi ndi nthawi zosakwana 0.9) ndi Neptune ndi Jupiter (iwo kukokera kuposa ife mu 1:14 ndi 2.3 nthawi, motero). Chikoka zing'onozing'ono yokoka amalembedwa Pluto - mu nthawi 15,5 zosakwana chilengedwe padziko lapansi. Koma kukopa wamphamvu chili dzuwa. Kuposa athu nthawi 28. M'mawu ena, kulemera thupi la makilogalamu 70 m'dziko pakakhala potyazhelel 2 matani.

Pansi atagona wosanjikiza madzi akutsikira kudzera

Mbali ina yofunika pa Mlengi ndi wowonongayo mpumulo pa nthawi - kusuntha madzi. Wasefukira kayendedwe ake kupanga yotakata mtsinje zigwa, maphompho ndi m'zigwa. Komabe, ngakhale wochepa pa gulu umo_mosangalala angathe kupanga mpumulo chigwa m'malo zigwa.

Atangomva njira mu mavuto onse - si yekha mbali zotsatira za mafunde. Mphamvu kunja amadziwikanso wokhala zidutswa transporter thanthwe. Popeza kupanga zosiyanasiyana mpumulo mapangidwe (mwachitsanzo, madambo athyathyathya ndipo zophuka m'mphepete mwa mitsinje).

Special njira chikoka loyenda madzi zokhudza miyala sungunuka (laimu, choko, gypsum, thanthwe mchere) unali pafupi ndi kumtunda. Mtsinje pang'onopang'ono anawachotsa mwa njira yake, kuthamangira mu kuya kwa mkati dziko lapansi. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa karst, chifukwa izo amalenga landforms latsopano. M'mapanga ndi sinkholes, stalactites ndi stalagmites, phompho ndi zitsime mobisa - zonsezi ndi chifukwa cha ntchito nthawi ndi amphamvu misa madzi.

ayezi chinthu

Pamodzi ndi loyenda madzi, ayezi kutenga osati zochepa nawo chiwonongeko, mayendedwe ndi mafunsidwe a miyala. Choncho polenga mitundu yatsopano ya mpumulo, ankawachotsera miyala, kupanga moraine mapiri, zitunda ndi chibowo. Zimenezi ndizodzazidwa ndi madzi, osatembenukira ku nyanja glacial.

Kuwonongedwa kwa miyala ndi glacial otchedwa gouge (glacial kukokoloka). Ndi ozama zigwa mtsinje, izo poyera iwo ayezi bedi ndi mpanda kuthamanga amphamvu. particles friable chinang'ambika kutali, gawo la iwo amaundana ndipo potero zimathandiza kupititsa patsogolo kuya kwa mpanda pansi. Chifukwa, mtsinje zigwa za mtundu kukana mwina Kukwezeleza ayezi - mbiri ufa woboola pakati. Kapena, malinga ndi dzina lawo sayansi, glacial toti.

Kusungunuka oundana kumathandiza kuti Zander - formations kumveka wopangidwa mwa madzi mazira anapeza mu particles mchenga.

Ndife gulu kunja a Dziko Lapansi

Popeza mphamvu mkati akuchita pa Dziko Lapansi, ndi zinthu zina, ndi nthawi osanenapo inu ndi ine - amene sali zaka khumi kumabweretsa asinthe moyo wa dziko.

mitundu yonse ya mpumulo, olengedwa mwa munthu, wotchedwa anthropogenic (kuchokera anthropos Greek - munthu, genesisum - chiyambi, ndi Latin chinthu - malonda). Lero gawo la mikango a mtundu wa ntchito ikuchitika ndi ntchito zamakono. Ndipo zinthu zatsopano, kufufuza, ndi chidwi thandizo la ndalama kuchokera payekha magwero / pagulu kupereka chitukuko mofulumira. Ndipo uyu, nayenso zonse kumapangitsa kuwonjezeka mlingo mmene anthropogenic anthu.

Makamaka poyera kuti kusintha mu zigwa. Kudera limeneli kwakhala patsogolo kwa kuthetsa zomangira nyumba ndi zomangamanga. Komanso wakhala chizolowezi choti tsiku lililonse yomanga embankments ndi kusalaza yokumba la mpumulo.

Kagwiridwe ndi cholinga cha migodi. Mothandizidwa ndi luso anthu kukumba ntchito yaikulu, mikondo mokhomerera, kupanga n'chodabwitsa pa nthaka zinyalala lotayako thanthwe.

Kawirikawiri lonse zochita za anthu ndi mofanana chikoka cha kusintha kwa zinthu zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, masiku ano patsogolo zamakono zimatithandiza kuti akonze njira yaikulu. Ndipo kwa chimango zocheperapo nthawi, poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe womwewo wa zigwa za mitsinje ya madzi.

Njira wovulala zimachititsa chilumbachi, amatchedwa kukokoloka, kwambiri kulimbikitsa ndi zochita za anthu. Choyamba zotsatira kuipa kwa nthaka poyera. Izi zimathandiza akulima otsetsereka ponseponse kudula mitengo, ng'ombe kumwa odyetserako, kuika owaka miyala. Komanso kuwonjezera kukokoloka kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a zomangamanga (makamaka yomanga nyumba zogona omwe amafunika ntchito zina, monga grounding, imene mphamvu mpandawo cha kulimbikira lapansi).

Mu zaka zapitazo zinali zodzaza ndi kukokoloka pafupifupi theka la dziko lapansi ndi kuwakulitsa. The wofuna kwambiri njira zimenezi m'madera zikuluzikulu ulimi Russia, USA, China ndi India. Mwamwayi, vuto la kukokoloka dziko mwachangu kuyankhulidwa panthawi mlingo lonse. Komabe, chopereka waukulu kuchepetsa mavuto aakulu pa nthaka ndi kukonzanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa malo poyamba anawononga adzabweretsa kafukufuku, umisiri watsopano ndi njira ntchito yawo kulemba munthu.