Cytogenetic njira phunziro cha chibadwa

Cytogenetics ndi nthambi zosiyana za chiphunzitso cha chibadwa, amene amafufuza osiyana, woyamba wa atolankhani onse anati (explicate) okhala ndi nkhani za majini. onyamula zimenezi ndizo zosiyanasiyana khromozomu (polytene, mitotic ndi meiotic) plastids, mtima interphase, ndi Pamlingo wamng'ono - mitochondria.

Motero, njira cytogenetic ndi ya njira ndi umisiri kuphunzira makamaka DNA imene anapereka chizindikiro awo kachulukidwe unapangidwa mankhwala-kwachilengedwenso kufotokoza, ife kufufuza kapangidwe ndi modes khalidwe pa magawano selo. Cholinga Scientific cha maphunziro ano ndi kukhazikitsa ubale pakati chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu ya kusintha khromozomu kapangidwe ndi chitsanzo, kunyezimiritsa masiyanidwe zizindikiro.

Limodzi mwa madera wofunika kwambiri kufufuza zikusonyeza cytogenetic njira ndi kudziwa karyotype anthu. kuphunzira zambiri ikuchitika pa zikhalidwe zimene magawano amapezeka ndi kugonana maselo somatic.

Chikhalidwe ambiri kwa mtundu uwu wa kufufuza - maselo zotumphukira magazi monga lymphocytes, fibroblasts ndi maselo mafupa. Kwambiri lomwenso chikhalidwe, ntchito cytogenetics zachipatala magazi lymphocytes. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kuti, monga ulamuliro, ndi nkhani ya kusanthula mu nthawi postnatal. Pamene kupenda karyotype yoopsa cytogenetic njira zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zikhalidwe selo kusankha chimene chiri chifukwa zifukwa zingapo. Chief mwa awa ndi nthawi ya mimba. Mwachitsanzo, ndi pasanathe milungu 12, kusanthula cytogenetic DNA bwino ikuchitika ndi nawo maselo chorionic, ndipo pamene mimba ndi milungu 12, izo m'pofunika kuti tione phunziro maselo yoopsa. Chifukwa chaichi, ali mwachindunji wosiyana nsengwa ndi magazi yoopsa.

Kudziwa karyotype cytogenetic njira akuphunzira cholowa amafuna kupeza nyemba magazi mu kuchuluka kwa osachepera 2.1 ml. Pankhaniyi, njira yokha kumaphatikizapo akafufuza, wopangidwa mwa magawo atatu akulu akulu:

- kudzipatula ndi culturing maselo amene kuwunika idzachitike;

- ufa mankhwala;

- kupenda mosamalitsa mankhwala pansi maso a.

Kugwiritsa cytogenetic njira ya chibadwa kungakhale kokha pamene zinthu izi zimapezeka. Choyamba, payenera kukhala nambala inayake ya maselo siteji metaphase. Kachiwiri, kulima ayenera ikuchitika bukuli motsata malamulo okhazikitsidwa ndi kwa nthawi ya osachepera 72 maola. Kachitatu, ndi fixation maselo ayenera kuchitidwa ndi yankho la asidi acetic ndi methanol mu chiŵerengero cha zinthu izi chabe 3: 1.

Pa siteji ya pokonzekera penti kuphunzira cytogenetic a mtundu kusankha wapangidwa kutenga nkhani cholinga chenicheni cha phunziro, kuti zimene mtundu wa masinthidwe ayenera kufufuza. Nthawi zambiri ntchito ankaudaya njira yothandizira, kuyambira ndi losavuta kudziwa chizindikiro kachulukidwe DNA. kafukufuku yamakono kwambiri ntchito njira kudetsa kudziwa kuvutika karyotype mu quantified awo. Koma ngati njira cytogenetic limachititsa kudziwa ndi kuzindikira mphamvu structural DNA. Choncho, ntchito njira zapadera kuti amakulolani n'chongoletsa ndi mwayi wa ankaudaya mosalekeza. Ambiri mwa anthu amenewa, monga njira kudetsa masiyanidwe, ndi G-njira, R-njira ndi zina.

Ndipo potsiriza, gawo lachitatu la kuphunzira ndi phunziro tosaoneka DNA papezeka ali pa siteji metaphase. Pa angapo wake wa wabwinobwino ndi nthenda boma lake maselo ake anthu yoopsa. Chifukwa chaichi, monga ulamuliro, ndi kusanthula zimakhala angapo.