Damu - damu linalake ku mtsinje .... zadothi damu

Damu - dongosolo kumathandiza kuti asalalikire kuwuka kwa madzi kapena otaya anthu kapena zolinga zina. The nyumba oyambirira a mtundu apezeka ku Iguputo, kumene ntchito kulenga yosungirako madzi. Chinthu chotero, akatswiri ku Germany anapeza mu makilomita mazana awiri kuchokera Cairo. Zinali m'madamu ndi dzina lake "Garden al-Carafa" lomwe limapezeka mu mbiri Herodotus. Mokhudzana ndi akatswiri zaka zake kutsutsana. Ena amakhulupirira kuti inamangidwa 3200 BC, ena - pakati pa zaka 2950-2750. BC.

Kodi damu wamkulu yopangidwa?

Kodi chachikulu chinali damu wamkulu? Mlatho yokongola ndi awiri njerwa khoma pa zomwe mbali anali Komanso sketched mwala zidutswa. Kutalika kwa damu Crest ndi pa mamita oposa 100, kutalika mpaka kufika mamita 12. A polojekiti ngati yanuyi amaloledwa kudziunjikira mpaka kiyubiki mamita miliyoni madzi Wadi El-Gharavi.

The Chinese amanga mwaunyinji ndi kwa mibadwo

Ena mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti damu linalake ku mkuwa Age zinamangidwa mu mfundo izi kapena kuti chitukuko m'dera. Mwachitsanzo, ku Mesopotamiya anapeza mwala nyumba chibwenzi kumbuyo kwa chiwiri m'ma BC. Mu Syria wakale Anamanga nyumba chimodzimodzi zaka mazana khumi ndi asanu Khristu asanabwere. (Nahr eli Assi). Zikuluzikulu kumanga madamu unkachitika ku China wakale. Apa wotchuka mbuye, ndipo kenako Mfumu Yu, amene 2283 BC akuchita wolamulira analamula kasamalidwe zonse madzi kumanga ufumu. Motsogozedwa Yu Wamkulu (monga chilili zayekha), osati damu limodzi chabe inamangidwa. Icho chinali kumanga zikuluzikulu kwa zaka zambiri ndipo zaka, amene amaloledwa chaka 250 BC madzi Mwachitsanzo, 50,000 makilomita lalikulu m'chipululu chifukwa Sichuan Minjiang Mtsinje. Ndipo mu China, zochitika zayamba kumanga matamanda a madzi ntchito mchitidwe monga Chipilala ndi.

Iwo anapangira Da Vinci yekha

Ku Ulaya, komwe vuto ulimi wothirira sanali pachimake monga Asia ndi Africa, ndi damu inatulutsidwa mochedwa kwambiri - m'nthawi ya 16. Zosintha Arched, makamaka, amatchulidwa m'mbiri ya Spanish mu 1586, koma akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti zipangizo okha akhoza inamangidwa m'mbuyomo. Izi zachokera chakuti nawo kapangidwe geniuses awo a nthawi - Leonado da Vinci, Malatesta, Mechin, komanso zinachitikira anasonkhanitsa, amene anadza ku Ulaya atatha kulankhula ndi dziko Arab. Mwachitsanzo, tikudziwa kuti ngakhale ngati kumanga mwakuwoneka mphamvu kwambiri ngati damu zadothi, opareshoni chifukwa cha m'ma pamaso pa anakomoka (linamangidwa mu France mu 1196).

The ntchito madamu ku Russia

Kwa Russia ndi zinthu zake wolemera madzi ndi, pa koyamba, osati chofunikira damu. Koma apa iwo analipo 14 m'ma BC ndipo ntchito yothandiza anthu a mphero madzi. Kutchula koyamba za madamu otchulidwa pangano Dmitriya Donskogo, choikidwa 1389. A chidwi nyumba zimenezi zinasonyeza Peter Wamkulu, m'zaka za m'ma 18, ndi Russian unali kale zinthu zoposa 200, Pakati mkulu zadothi damu - Zmeinogorsky. chuma madzi makina onga anatitumiza ntchito mu nsalu, migodi ndi mabizinezi ena a nthawi.

Damu - ndi dongosolo hayidiroliki, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi mtundu winawake wa chinthu malingana gulu la. Today olekanitsidwa ndi mosungiramo zipangizo vodoopuskayuschie ndi zitsulo. Yosungirako madamu amakhala kwambiri ndi kuthekera kuti zonse kumaliseche a madzi. Low nyumba yomweyo (mwachitsanzo, chipangizo cha mayiwe) Photo sayenera kukhala. China chofunika chinthu gulu unit, malingana kuzama kwa madzi zaplotom. Panali akutali low-, medium- ndi damu paipi (15, 50, ndi mamita 50 motero).

Madamu kwa mitsinje ndi zigwembe

Madamu pa mitsinje akhoza inamangidwa kukhala mtanda (kuukitsa madzi, chirichonse akugwa, mphamvu ya zomwe m'njira inayake ntchito; kupanga osaya mbali ya mtsinje imakhala yosadutsika kuti sitima), ndipo pamodzi (chigumula chitetezo). Nthawi zina, madamu analigawa mitsinje, zigwembe, m'maenje - kuwasunga chisanu madzi thawed, amene ndiye ntchito ulimi wothirira kapena kudzutsa mphamvu chidwi yodutsira.

zofunika za opangira magetsi

The zikuchokera matamanda a madzi ambiri zikuphatikizapo m'madamu, mosungiramo isanayambe kapena itatha izo, madzi zochotsa yoika otsetsereka zovuta opangira magetsi kuti ndimeyi nsomba, madzi kukhetsa (ngati dongosolo Culvert), nyumba kwa kulimbitsa kugombe ndi machitidwe kuyeretsedwa ku chitayiko. zinthu zazikulu ndi opangidwa analimbitsa simenti, komanso kakang'ono akhoza kumangidwa kwa nthaka, chitsulo, konkire, matabwa, kapena nsalu. Amadziwika kuti pamene chigumula damu Komsomolsk-na-zoteteza inkakhala asilikali Mesiya atanyamula filimu ukonde lenilenilo, limene sanalole perehlestnut madzi mfundo alipo nyumba zozitetezera.

Damu akhoza kutenga katundu?

Gawo lina madamu akuganizira mmene zinthu kupirira katundu. yomanga yokoka ndazindikira kumenyedwa ake kulemera onse kupewa chifukwa guluu wolimba a damu ndi patsinde pa yekha, pa zomwe yaima. mipata imeneyi amakhala yaikulu kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, m'madamu opangira magetsi pa Indus mtsinje (Tarbela damu) ali ndi kutalika kwa pafupifupi 143 meters, ndi kutalika - oposa 2,7 Km, zomwe zimapangitsa okwana kiyubiki mamita 130 miliyoni. meters. zinthu Arched zimafalitsa kuthamanga pa gombe. Ngati Chipilala ndi chachitali komanso nkhawa kwambili, ndiye ntchito zitsanzo Chipilala-yokoka kapena arches ndi buttresses pa maziko a. Buttress monga mitundu ndi n'kakang'ono mpanda wa damu, koma likuvutika kuchuluka zinthu m'munsi podporochnyh. Akuika madamu lero kapena alluvial chochuluka njira, ndi njira imatsogoleredwa kuphulika.

Zotsatira za ngozi

Ngozi pa madamu kunyamula nawo zomvetsa yokulirapo ndalama, chifukwa wawononga osati zida wapadera, komanso kuti asiye malonda amene angathamange magetsi ndi madzi kuti damu izi. utuluke madzi zina yagwa midzi yonseyo, anasefukira mbewu acreage atayika. Koma chinthu zoipa kwambiri zimene nthawi yomweyo anapha ambiri, mazana ndi zikwi za anthu.

Choncho, March 1928 ku chigwa cha San Frantsiskito panali chiwonongeko cha damu la St. Francis, ndiye anataya amuna mazana asanu ndi limodzi, ndi zidutswa Mipikisano mita a damu la ili pafupi kilometre ku yopuma malo. Mu Soviet Union pa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo (1941) anaganiza mwadala kuzula damu Dnieper mogwirizana ndi utakhala ndi asilikali Nazi Zaporizhzhya. Kumangidwa chachikulu cha konkire pang'ono kuonongeka ndi matani 20 ammonal. Kodi anthu ambiri anafa ndiye, komabe ndendende kumatanthauza. Itanani manambala anthu makumi awiri kuti zikwi zana limodzi, kuphatikizapo asilikali, othawa kwawo ndi anthu, chomwe chingathe kukhala kumanzere banki ya Dnieper, amene linasakazidwa wa amafotokozera madzi.

Chiwerengero cha anthu amene akhudzidwa - za 230 zikwi anthu

Unawonongedwa ngozi pa madamu lalikulu hydropower achititsa aakulu wovulalayo. Mu August 1975, kokha anamira kunapezeka anthu 26,000, ndi kutenga nkhani okhwima miliri ndi njala anafa wafika anthu 170-230 zikwi mu BREAKOUT Banqiao damu. Ndiye iwo anawonongedwa pa magawo atatu a mutu miliyoni a ng'ombe ndi kuwononga nyumba pafupifupi 6 miliyoni ndi nyumba. masiku khumi Anatseka msewu kuchokera Guangzhou kuti Beijing. Ndipo zonse izi zinachitika chifukwa cha damu la, anaikira nambala pazipita mvula, sanali apulumuke alimbane ya misa madzi amene anabweretsa ndi Mvula ya mkuntho "Nina". August 8, 1975 ndi laling'ono kwambiri pa damu anakomoka, kuchititsa kumaliseche madzi mu Bantsao, kumene kanthawi adakhala wothyoledwa damu 62. Yoweyula chifukwa ali ndi m'lifupi 10 Km ndi msinkhu wa mamita atatu ndi asanu ndi awiri. Midzi ina Chinese anali kwathunthu yagwa, pamodzi ndi anthu awo.

Pofuna kupewa yojambula damu, lero anatengedwa zingapo zoyezera, pakati pawo - kusunga magawo damu mamangidwe afufuze kuti litsatidwe mu njira ya ntchito, kuyang'aniridwa pa ntchito ndi kusonkhanitsa zithunzi ndi kafukufuku zambiri, etc. Pakuti damu ndi umboni ziwiri zofunika polojekiti specifications :. "K1 "- chinthu chimene chikhalidwe zikanavulaza ndipo muyenera miyeso mwamsanga zimayambitsa ake, ndipo" K2 "- boma chisanadze pangozi amakhala lidzawonongedwa, ayenera kupulumutsidwa ndi ntchito kuthawa.