Ecology ndi moyo

Ecology ndi sayansi yomwe imaphunzira mgwirizano wa zamoyo ndi wina ndi mzake ndi malo awo. Mawuwa anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi E. Haeckel mu 1866. Mpaka pano, chilengedwe ndi chimodzi mwa sayansi yofunikira kwambiri , kukhala ndi Chofunika chachikulu pa moyo wa munthu aliyense wamakono. Komabe, chilango ichi chimayambitsa kutsutsana kwakukulu pakati pa asayansi: chinthu chomwe amaphunzira, mawonekedwe ake, tanthauzo la mawu akuti "chilengedwe" ndi zina zambiri zikukambidwa. Mfundo yeniyeni yomwe ingachokere ku ndondomeko ya malingaliro omwe alipo alipo ndi awa: Kufufuza kwa zachilengedwe kungatchedwe maphunziro alionse omwe amapangidwa kuti aphunzire ntchito yofunikira ya zamoyo m'thupi lawo, kukhazikitsa maulumikizano pakati pawo ndi kuzindikira momwe zimakhudzira chilengedwe. Timazindikiranso kuti ndizolakwika kunena, mwachitsanzo, "zachilengedwe zoipa", chifukwa chilengedwe ndi sayansi, osati chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe.

Cholinga cha kuphunzira kwa zamoyo ndi zamoyo zazikuluzikulu: mitundu, biocenoses, zachilengedwe. Nkhani ya phunziroli ndi chitukuko cha machitidwewa nthawi ndi malo. Ecology ndi sayansi yomwe imayesetsa kuthetsa mndandanda wa Zovuta zosiyanasiyana zokhudzidwa ndi zowona, timasiyanitsa pakati pawo zofunika kwambiri. Choncho, chilengedwe chimayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo omwe zinthu zofunika pamoyo wawo zimagawidwa moyenera pakati pa biocenoses zomwe zakhazikitsidwa, komanso kuphunzira momwe angayendetsere zochitika izi pokhapokha ngati anthu akugwira ntchito mwachilengedwe.

Monga taonera kale, chilengedwe ndizovuta kwambiri, ndipo machitidwe ake akuwonetsedwanso osamveka: asayansi osiyanasiyana amadziwa malo osiyanasiyana ophunzirirawo. Tiyeni tipeze magawo a magulu a bungwe la zinthu zamoyo zomwe amaphunzira ndi zamoyo .

1. Autoecology imafufuza anthu, ziwalo za thupi. Kufufuza malire a zachilengedwe zomwe anthu angathe kukhalapo.
2. Chiwerengero cha ziwanda chimaphunzira chiwerengero cha anthu. Kufufuza momwe zinthu zikuyendera ndi maubwenzi.
3. Maphunziro a Eydecology a mitundu. Pakali pano ndi gawo losafunika kwambiri pa zachilengedwe, monga chidwi cha ochita kafukufuku amasintha kuchokera ku chiwerengero cha anthu mpaka pa chiwerengero cha masankhulidwe, kupyolera mu msinkhu wa zamoyo.
4. Synecology imaphunzira msinkhu wa masankhulidwe. Amaphunzira mapangidwe, ntchito yofunika komanso mphamvu ya biocenosis.
5. Zamoyo zapadziko lonse zimaphunzira zamoyo. Kufufuza mavuto a omaliza.

Malingana ndi mfundo zoyambirira za zachilengedwe, zatsopano ndi zoposa zamakono kwambiri zikupangidwa. Dipatimenti yatsopano yokhudza zachilengedwe imayenderana kwambiri ndi sayansi ina, yomwe imabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kufufuza m'madera onse okhudzidwa.

Academician SS Shvarts ananena kuti chilengedwe "chimakhala chiphunzitso cha khalidwe la munthu wogulitsa mafakitale m'chilengedwe." Malinga ndi mawu awa munthu akhoza kuweruza tanthauzo la sayansi yomwe tanena. Masiku ano, zachilengedwe ndi kayendedwe ka chilengedwe zimaphunziridwa m'mayunivesites angapo omwe ali m'chigawo cha Russian Federation.