Bill - ndi chopanda malire IOU

Bill - chikalata zikalata udindo wa issuer kuti kulipira mwachindunji ndalama mu icho mu nthawi yake. Izi mtundu wa masheya , kwenikweni, umboni udindo chuma, opangidwa kuchokera mosamalitsa mu mawonekedwe zinalembedwa. mabuku amenewa ndi mtheradi ndi osatsutsika IOUs.

Ngongole ya Kusinthanitsa Act pafupifupi maiko onse zachokera bilu ya Convention Mukalowa mu Geneva mu 1930.

Ndi chikhalidwe cha ndikupeleka, imene imakhudza bilu, iwo anawagawa mitundu zotsatirazi. Malonda pepala - chikalata ikutuluka wotuluka yogula ndi kugulitsa katundu, makonzedwe a misonkhano ndi ntchito ya mgwirizano ntchito pa ngongole. Iwo limodzi ndi kuchirikiza zikalata kutsimikizira kwake chofunika. Financial - kupelekedwa ndi Unduna wa Zachuma ndi mabanki kulera ndalama zina.

Pali mitundu iwiri chachikulu cha izi sheya. Promissory cholemba - ndi lamulo lopanda mangawa a issuer kulipira ndalama mwachindunji chikalata kuti chofukizira pa pempho la mwina nthawi mwasankha. Pamene kupeza chikalata kwa ophunzira choyambirira - kabati ndi acceptor - akhoza nawonso ndi anthu ena: endorsers ndi mthandizi.

A bilu - chikalata ndi dongosolo la kabati kuti wokongolayo kulipira ndalama mayina izo payee (munthu amene pa kalata ankadutsa ufulu kulandira ndalama). Chitseko - kabati, ndi drawee - samalipira. ndalamayi ali mphamvu ya udindo olowa: lililonse chofukizira wotsatira amakhala udindo malipiro, pamodzi ndi wokongolayo. Woyimira kumbuyo zikalata kulanda bwino kuti munthu wina, kutchedwa woyimira kumbuyo.

Pogwira mfundo ya profitability, ngongole anawagawa chidwi (analipira mtengo mwadzina ndi chidwi) ndi kuchotsera (analipira okha kufunika mwadzina, iwo ntchito kuchotsera kwa phindu mwadzina).

Maphunziro zolemba ndi yosiyanasiyana. Pamaziko a issuer wa masheya awa kubwera mu mitundu iwiri. Zachuma ngongole - ndi yochepa ngongole, amene wosindikiza boma kapena Bank ku Central ndi kukhwima kwa masiku 90 kapena 180. ngongole wogwirizira ndi njira yokakamiza maudindo pansi ndikupeleka. Iwo ntchito kupereka ngongole, ngati pali osatsimikiza za udindo wobwereka lapansi.

A bilu payekha ndi chikalata magulu ndalama, mabungwe, magombe malonda. Chotero malonda pepala utumiki ndi ankayendetsa zachuma. Amatsanzira maganizo a ngongole ndi chidwi. Ndi thandizo lawo, ndi chimanjamanja kuti ngongole chiphaso cha ndalama bajeti, misonkho kutengerapo, malipiro ake, yosinthira ndalama. ndalamayi ali zosiyanasiyana. Friendly bilu - wosindikiza munthu wina ndi mzake, popanda limodzi ndi cholinga cha kuti payout izo, koma cholinga cha kupatula pa gombe. Anasinthanitsa pakati pa anthu unachitikira kukhulupirira asapita (wochezeka), kenako kupereka belo ku banki ndi ndalama izo, kapena kulipira katundu. Yamkuwa ( "mpweya") bilu - pepala ili, limene ndi m'thumba lenileni komanso ndalama, ndipo mmodzi wa anthu nawo ntchito zimenezi, ndi zopeka. Malinga ndi pepala ili, mutha kupeza ndalama kubanki kapena ntchito ngongole kwa wotuluka chofunika, kapena ngongole zina ndalama. Izi zolemba promissory ntchito mavuto azachuma wa ngongole kapena wotuluka achinyengo. mabuku amenewa ndi yabodza otaya ndalama.

ngongole Monetary kupezeka atsogolere zochitika zoipa mu chuma ndi kupatulako chuma malonda, kutsogolera ku depreciation ndalama. Pankhani imeneyi, pali mfundo "wachilekaniro kufufuma."