The gauges chachikulu cha ntchito zachuma

Mu zachuma, mungapeze chinthu monga muyeso wa ntchito zachuma. Kuti tichite zimenezi, choyamba ife tikupeza zomwe kuphunzira zachuma. Monga dera la moyo anthu ambiri kudziwa ake, chomwe izo ziri mu maphunzirowa. Tikambirana zachuma monga mwambo wa sayansi.

Magwero a lingaliro la zachuma ndi sayansi

Zikuoneka mu kutali kale, kalelo. Kwa nthawi yoyamba za iye watchula wakale Greek wasayansi Xenophon m'nthawi ya 5. BC Akatswiri akale padera mu njira iyi zomveka zogona. Izi ndi zomveka. Pafupifupi chuma chonsecho lingaliro la Greek mzinda-limati inkakhala amalonda ang'ono ndi amalonda. Osema, alimi, omanga. Panalibe lalikulu mabungwe onse mu East. Izi ndi chifukwa pozizira ndi kupanda kufunika kulimbikitsa ntchito ulimi wothirira (kum'mwera) kapena kukonza (mu kumpoto). Chuma cha dziko lonse linadzaza ndi wamba ngati ogulitsa malonda. mtundu wa amalonda ka nthawi yathu. amalonda amenewa ndi wamba ngati ogulitsa ndi gauges chachikulu cha ntchito zachuma panthawiyo.

Economics monga sayansi lero

Chuma masiku ano yosiyana, ndi makampani amphamvu transnational ndi mafakitale. Pa gawo lino la sayansi izi lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu macroeconomics, microeconomics, ndi dziko.

microeconomics Kodi

Mawu akuti pang'ono limafanana ndi tanthauzo la poyamba ndi maganizo "chuma" ku Greece. Ndicho, ndi sayansi kuti Maphunziro a mabungwe osiyana chuma, ubale wawo, mavuto, etc. M'mawu ena, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono palokha mu dera chuma dziko. Mavuto chilamulo, ubale wa wina ndi mnzake ndi boma.

macroeconomics

A mfundo zambiri. Iwo amafufuza chuma ngati dera lonse la moyo pagulu. Mavuto a umphawi, msika ntchito wonse. Izo ntchito mu macroeconomics gauges chachikulu cha ntchito zachuma. Iwo ndi ofunika kwambiri nkhani yonse ya mmene chuma chikuyendera mu boma.

Gauges wa ntchito zachuma. sayansi Social monga Maphunziro

Phindu la ntchito zachuma kupereka chithunzi thunzi chokwanira cha ndondomeko kupanga, kugawa ndi mowa mu chuma.

Mwachitsanzo, taganizirani ulimi. The gauges chachikulu cha ntchito zachuma mbiri kuchuluka kwa mkaka. Mu 2010, dziko kutulutsa matani 500 miliyoni mankhwala (chithunzi watengedwera chitsanzo ndi si umboni wa chaka cha mankhwala). Ndipo chaka chamawa, chuma amanena kuti kuchepa anali 20 peresenti. Ichi ndi chitsanzo zizindikiro quality, amene akhoza kukambirana za vuto lonse zachuma kupanga mkaka. Kenako, kumvetsa chimene chimayambitsa zinachititsa kuti dontho ngati lakuthwa.

The gauges chachikulu cha ntchito zachuma ndi:

• Gross dziko mankhwala (GNP).
• The Mankhwala Gross M'banja (GDP).

Gauges wa ntchito zachuma. Lingaliro la GDP

Gross zoweta mankhwala - muyeso Muwerenge mtengo msika wa malonda chomaliza m'dzikoli. Kodi zikutanthauza chiyani? Tengani kupanga galimoto chitsanzo. Iwo amakhala ndi ziwalo zambiri ndipo misonkhano. Mawilo, injini, chopangidwa pa mafakitale osiyana. Ngati mayunitsi ngati zida zosinthira pa msika, kuphatikizapo ku GDP lapansi. Koma ngati zaperekedwa ku fakitale ina ndipo adakonza galimoto, ndiye phindu mu chithunzi ichi simaphatikiza, monga mu mtengo yomaliza ya mtengo wa makina anaika. Akutchedwa "chomaliza mankhwala" mwachitsanzo, wobwera okonzeka zopangidwa msika. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti chongopeka kukambapo zizindikiro izi Kudziwa.

Mukhoza kupeza chinthu monga GDP pa munthu. Ichi sichina koma Uwerenge katundu yense komaliza opangidwa anagawa ndi nambala ya anthu mu dziko. Koma molakwa kuti kumene anaŵerengera zambiri ndi bwino. Quality wa moyo anatsimikiza ndi zipangizo zina kuyeza. mitengo komanso ntchito zikusowa, malipiro pafupifupi ndi penshoni kwa mitengo zofunikira zazikulu ogula dengu (a Zogwiritsira mankhwala zofunika kuti tipitirize).

Gross dziko mankhwala (GNP)

Gauges wa ntchito zachuma, monga kanjedza GNP monga kuchuluka kwa mankhwala chomaliza onse domestically ndi kunja. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kazakhstan kampani umayendera mayina Russia. Nthawi zonse amalipira misonkho onse m'deralo, pangano, koma ndalama kuchokera ogwira ntchito imeneyi umamumvera misonkho Russian. Choncho, ziwerengero ogwira ntchito yopanga kuganizira manambalawo GDP, koma osaganizira za GDP. Ndilo lingaliro zambiri. Limapeza dziko mankhwala kale pa mankhwala aakulu m'banja kuphatikiza kuchuluka kwa mankhwala chomaliza kunja boma.

Pa zinthu zazikulu za citukuko mu dziko amalankhula kwambiri kwa mankhwala aakulu m'banja (GDP) osati aakulu dziko mankhwala (GNP). Monga ntchito choyamba palokha, mlingo wa ulimi mu dziko, choncho ndi yabwino nyengo chuma ndi ndale. Koma GDP ndi muyeso wa bajeti ndalama.

Palinso mlingo weniweni ndi mlingo mwadzina wa ntchito zachuma. Nkofunika lero dziko lathu. GDP Mwachitsanzo, amayezedwa rubles, koma chithunzi chenicheni limasonyeza ndalama. Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi. Mlingo wa GDP pa chaka Mwachitsanzo, 1 miliyoni rubles. Ndalama, ndalamazo 35 chikwi. Chaka chotsatira, GDP ziwonjezeke kwa pafupifupi 1.5 miliyoni rubles. Mwadzina kukula - ndi 50 peresenti. Koma chifukwa cha devaluation wa ndalama Amalawi dollar mawu kukula - 1 peresenti basi - kuti madola 38 zikwi .. Izi ndi chitsanzo chabwino cha zizindikiro chuma mpheto.