Synapse - ichi ... Amanga synapse. Mantha, akulu ndi mankhwala synapse

Synapse - ndi kumatanthauza kukhudzana m'dera Mphukira ya maselo mitsempha ndi otsala maselo sanali okonda ndi okonda kuti kupereka kufala kwa mudziwe chizindikiro. Synapse morphologically anapanga kulankhula nembanemba maselo 2. Kakhungu The chokhudzana ndi zokhudzana maselo mitsempha, wotchedwa Kakhungu presynaptic ya selo imene chizindikiro umalandiridwa, wachiwiri dzina - postsynaptic. Pamodzi ndi kukhala Kakhungu postsynaptic kungakhale interneuronal synapse, neuromuscular ndi neurosecretory. Mawu a synapse ndi unayamba mu 1897 ndi Charles Sherrington (Eng. Physiologist).

Kodi synapse?

Synapse - dongosolo wapadera amene amathandiza kufala kwa ulusi mitsempha ya mitsempha mopupuluma wina mitsempha CHIKWANGWANI kapena mitsempha selo, ndipo kuti panali yaikulu mitsempha CHIKWANGWANI mukachipinda cholandilira (dera kukhudzana ndi aliyense maselo ena mitsempha ndi ulusi ena mitsempha), amafuna maselo awiri mitsempha .

Synapse - ofesi yaing'ono mapeto a ubongo ndi. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo ndi kulanda mfundo zoyambirira minyewa chachiwiri. Synapse ndi mu zidutswa zitatu za maselo mitsempha. Komanso synapses ali mu malo selo mitsempha amabwera mu mogwirizana ndi zopangitsa osiyana kapena minofu ya thupi.

Chomwe izo ziri mu synapse ndi

Kapangidwe ka synapse ali ndi dera osavuta. Iwo anapanga kuchokera yapatatu, mu lirilonse la ntchito zina zimagwiridwa pa kufala deta. Motero, dongosolo angatchedwe ndi synapse oyenera kufala kwa mitsempha mtima. Mwachindunji pa ndondomeko ya kusintha mfundo bwanji maselo ziwiri: adazindikira ndi kupatsira. malo presynaptic ndi kupatsira kumapeto kwa maselo axon (mbali yoyamba ya synapse a). Iwo zingakhudze selo kuyamba timene (mawu awa ali ndi matanthauzo angapo: owayimira owayimira kapena timene) - zina mankhwala, njira imene pakati manyuroni 2 akuyendera kufala magetsi mbendera.

Synaptic mphanga ndi gawo pakati synapses - ndi nthawi pakati 2 amachitira maselo mitsempha. Kudzera kusiyana izi ndi akulowa maselo ndi kupatsira ndi zimachitika magetsi. Otsiriza synapse imatengedwa kulandira selo, umene uli kumapeto kwa postsynaptic (mpukutu polumikizana ndi maselo ndi maselo osiyana tcheru mu dongosolo lawo).

owayimira synapse

Nkhoswe (ku Latin Media - chopatsilira, mkhalapakati kapena pakati). owayimira amenewa synapse zofunika kwambiri kufala kwa mopupuluma mantha.

Morphological kusiyana kwa synapses ochepetsera ndi excitatory ndi kuti iwo alibe kumasulidwa limagwirira a mtundu wa. Mkhalapakati mu synapses ochepetsera, ndi zina owononga minyewa ochepetsera synapses amati ndi kwa amino asidi glycine. Koma ananyema kapena chikhalidwe zosangalatsa synapse si anatsimikiza ndi nkhoswe zawo, ndi chuma cha nembanemba postsynaptic. Mwachitsanzo, acetylcholine kupereka zolimbikitsa kwenikweni pa malo neuromuscular synapse (vagus misempha mu myocardium a).

Acetylcholine ndi mtundu mu cholinergic excitatory neurotransmission (Kakhungu presynaptic ndi ankaimba mapeto a msana owononga minyewa), mu synapse pa maselo Renshaw mu osachiritsika presynaptic, zopangitsa thukuta, medulla nadpochenikov mu intestine ndi synapse mu ganglia wa mantha dongosolo chisoni. Atsetilholi-nesterazu ndi acetylcholine zimapezekanso pa timene mbali zosiyanasiyana za ubongo, nthawizina ambiri, koma ena kuposa synapse cholinergic foni Renshaw sanabadwe kudziwa otsala synapses cholinergic. Malinga ndi asayansi, zosangalatsa mkhalapakati acetylcholine ntchito mu chapakati mantha dongosolo N'kutheka.

Katelhominy (dopamine, norepinephrine ndi wa epinephrine) amaonedwa owayimira adrenergic. Epinephrine ndi norepinephrine ali apanga mu kwanilitse mitsempha wachifundo ubongo adrenal selo, ubongo ndi msana. amino zidulo (tyrosine ndi L-phenylalanine) monga thunthu kuyambira ndi kaphatikizidwe zikuwonjezereka masiku ano chomaliza mankhwala. Wapakatikati mankhwala, womwenso norepinephrine ndi dopamine, komanso kuchita ntchito ya timene mu synapse ndi, olengedwa mathero a misempha chisoni. nchito imeneyi kungakhale kaya ananyema (matumbo secretory England, sphincters angapo ndipo bronchial yosalala minofu, ndi intestine) kapena excitatory (sphincters yosalala minofu ndi ziwiya zina magazi, m'mnyewa wamtima synapse - norepinephrine, mu oziziritsa mtima podkrovnyh - dopamine).

Pamene wathunthu ntchito zawo za timene synapse, catecholamine chosakanikirana ndi presynaptic mitsempha mapeto, ndi zoyendera transmembrane ali nawo. Pa owayimira mayamwidwe synapses ndiotetezedwa ku wakuta msanga pa ntchito nthawi ndi yosalala.

Synapse: Mitundu ndi ntchito

Langley mu 1892, iwo amanena kuti synaptic kufala mu ganglia autonomic nyama si chikhalidwe magetsi, ndi mankhwala. zaka 10, Elliott wapezeka kuti zikuwonjezereka masiku ano ku zopangitsa adrenal kuwapeza zotsatira ofanana ndi kukondoweza kwa mitsempha chisoni.

Kenako anaganiza kuti zikuwonjezereka masiku ano amatha tochoka ndi manyuroni pa malemeredwe ndi kumasulidwa ndi mitsempha kutha. Koma mu 1921, Levi chotichitikira, amene wakhazikitsa chikhalidwe cha kufala mankhwala pa synapses mwa mtima vegetative ndi misempha vagus. Iye anadzaza ziwiya chule mtima ndi saline ndi chidwi mitsempha vagus, kupanga kugunda pang'onopang'ono. Pamene madzi ndi kunditumiza ku imathetsa mtima kukondoweza nestimulirovanoe mtima kumenya pang'onopang'ono. Mwachionekere, kukondoweza kwa mitsempha vagus anachititsa kutulutsidwa retarding wothandizila mu njira. Acetylcholine kwathunthu kubereka zotsatira za mankhwala. Mu 1930, udindo wa acetylcholine mu kufala synaptic mu ganglia wa mantha dongosolo autonomic kalekale anaika Feldberg ndi ndodo yake.

mankhwala synapse

Mankhwala synapse ndi mwapadera kufala akukangana ndi thandizo la mkhalapakati ndi presinapsa pa postsinaps. Choncho, kusiyana mu kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe wa mankhwala synapse. Mankhwala synapse ndi ambiri mu peresenti CNS. Tsopano amadziwika kuti ubongo amatha kupatula ndi lithe awiri owayimira (nkhoswe pamodzi). Manyuroni komanso ndi mtundu plasticity - luso kusintha mkhalapakati zikuluzikulu mu chitukuko.

Neuromuscular synapse

synapse Izi transmits malemeredwe, koma ubwenzi akhoza kuswa pansi zosiyanasiyana zinthu. kutengerapo umatha pa ejection wa anatseka misewu mu synaptic mphanga acetylcholine, komanso pa Kumangidwa kwake owonjezera dera nembanemba postsynaptic. A kuchuluka ziphe ndi mankhwala bwanji adani, linanena bungwe limene likugwirizana acetylcholine maselo a nembanemba postsynaptic, pamene midadada minofu synapse kufala kwa malemeredwe. Lake afa pa suffocation ndi kusiya kupuma minofu.

Botulism - tizilombo tating'onoting'ono poizoni mu synapse, izo midadada kufala kwa malemeredwe inasweka mu presynaptic osachiritsika mapuloteni syntaxin, ndi zokolola mu synaptic mphanga acetylcholine. Zingapo nkhondowo poizoni zinthu limodzi pharmacologic wothandizila (neostigmine methylsulfate ndi neostigmine), komanso tizirombo ndigwire conduction wa malemeredwe mu synapse neuromuscular ntchito inactivate acetylcholinesterase - puloteni yomwe imaphwanya acetylcholine. Choncho, pali kudzikundikira acetylcholine m'dera synaptic Kakhungu amachepetsa kudziwa mkhalapakati wopangidwa kuchokera nembanemba postsynaptic, kumizidwa mu cytosol cholandilira unit. Acetylcholine ndi operewera, ndi synapse ali oletsedwa.

Synapse mantha: mbali ndi mbali

Synapse - kugwirizana kukhudzana mfundo pakati pa maselo awiri. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo lagona Kakhungu ake electrogenic. Mantha synapse tichipeza zigawo zitatu: ndi postsynaptic Kakhungu, synaptic mphanga ndi Kakhungu presynaptic. Postsynaptic Kakhungu - ndi mitsempha kutha chimene chimafika kwa minofu ndi adatchithisira mu minofu minofu. M'dera la vesicles presynaptic ndi - chatsekedwa M'mimbamo ndi mkhalapakati. Nthawi zonse zoyenda.

Kupemphera nembanemba wa molekezera mitsempha, vesicles kuphatikiza ndi izo, ndi mkhalapakati igwera mu mphanga synaptic. Mu umodzi kwadzidzidzi mtundu vesicle lili mitochondria ndi (n'zofunika kwa kaphatikizidwe wa mtundu - yaikulu mphamvu gwero), acetylcholine lina apanga ku choline ndi mchikakamizo cha enzyme atsetilholintransferrazy kukonzedwa mu atsetilSoA).

Synaptic mphanga mwa nembanemba post- ndi presynaptic

Mu osiyana synapses kukula kwa lisaoneke zimasiyanasiyana. danga Izi ladzala ndi madzimadzi interstitial, mmene muli mkhalapakati. Kakhungu Postsynaptic chimakwirira malo kucheza ndi mitsempha kutha mu innervated selo mionevralnom synapse. Mu synapses ena mu Kakhungu postsynaptic amalenga pindani chodziwa kukhudzana m'dera.

zinthu zina m'gulu nembanemba postsynaptic

M'dera la nembanemba postsynaptic lili popanga mfundo zotsatirazi:

- cholandilira (acetylcholine cholandilira mu mionevralnom synapse).

- Lipoprotein (ali kufanana mkulu ndi acetylcholine). mapuloteni Izi alipo electrophilic mapeto ndi ion mutu. Mutu alowa mphanga synaptic, ndi mogwirizana ndi mutu cationic wa acetylcholine. Chifukwa cha zimachitika izi ndi kusintha postsynaptic Kakhungu depolarization ndiye zikachitika, ndi kuulula zingakhale yozungulira Na-TV. Depolarization nembanemba wa si monga ndondomeko kudziletsa ikuthandizira;

- Gradualen umatha pa Kakhungu postsynaptic zimadalira chiwerengero cha nkhoswe, kuti amakhala ndi kuthekera chuma cha excitations m'deralo.

- Cholinesterase - ankaona kuti mapuloteni amene ali ndi enzymatic ntchito. Malinga ndi kapangidwe ziri zofanana choline cholandilira ndipo ndi katundu zofanana ndi acetylcholine. Cholinesterase imaphwanya acetylcholine, woyamba amene amagwirizana ndi maselo cholinergic. Mu zochita za cholandilira acetylcholine amachotsa acetylcholine esterase anapanga repolarization wa Kakhungu postsynaptic. Acetylcholine lamamatira kuti choline acid acetic koyenera kuti minofu minofu trophism.

Ndi zoyendera chomveka chimaonetsedwa pa presynaptic Kakhungu choline, amagwiritsidwa ntchito lithe ndi mtundu watsopano. Mchikakamizo cha kusintha mtundu mu permeability wa Kakhungu postsynaptic, ndi cholinesterase tilinazo ndi permeability amabwerera kufunika koyamba. Chemoreceptors amatha kucheza ndi owayimira watsopano.