Kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya pituitary ndi

The pituitary England, kapangidwe ndi ntchito za tikambirana pambuyo pake, chiwalo cha dongosolo endocrine. Ndi gawo 3 pamodzi. Tiyeni tione zimene ndi ntchito za pituitary England ubongo. Kumapeto kwa nkhaniyi, mfundo zina. Makamaka, tebulo. pituitary ntchito amafotokozedwa mwachidule.

kufalitsidwa

Monga pituitary England ali zoyendetsedwa? Ntchito, chithandizo cha matenda, ntchito chiwalo ambiri anatsimikiza ndi boma la magazi. Ena mbali yobweretsa limba magazi ndi nthawi zambiri zochita zikuluzikulu pa lamulo la zochitika zake.

Nthambi ya carotid (mumtima) mtsempha wamagazi ndi bwalo la Willis anapanga chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi thupi ngalande. Mitundu woyamba mwachilungamo mphamvu capillary maukonde mu apakatikati ukulu dera la ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha kwa. Kuphatikiza kupanga mndandanda wa ziwiya zipata mtsempha yaitali. Akutsika mu adenohypophysis ndi phesi la mtundu mu zapambuyo Lobe plexus capillaries sinusoidal. Choncho, mu gawo ili la Thupi la kusowa mwachindunji magazi palibe. Magazi zimalowa izo ku ukulu apakatikati mwa dongosolo zipata. zizindikiro zimenezi ndi yofunika kwambiri kwa lamulo lililonse ntchito ya pituitary zapambuyo. Ichi ndi chifukwa axons maselo neurosecretory ya ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha mu apakatikati ukulu dera anapanga ojambula aksovazalnye.

Neurosecretion ndi mapeputisayidi zolimbana ndi ziwiya chipata umalowa mu adenohypophysis. Kumbuyo dipatimenti thupi amalandira magazi kwa mitsempha m'munsi. The adenohypophysis taonera apamwamba mwamphamvu panopa, pamene mlingo wake ndi apamwamba kuposa zimakhala ena ambiri.

ziwiya Venous mu Lobe zapambuyo zikuphatikizapo venules kumbuyo. The outflow ku limba ikuchitika cavernous nkusani chipolopolo venous zovuta, ndiyeno - mu maukonde ofanana. A buku wamkulu wa chimachititsanso magazi retrograde kuti ukulu apakatikati. Izi n'zofunika pamene ntchito njira maganizo pakati pa ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha ndi pituitary England. Wachifundo innervation Mitsempha ikuchitika ndi ulusi postganglionic anakafika pamodzi maukonde mtima.

Pituitary England: kapangidwe ndi ntchito (mwachidule)

Monga zinanenedwa pamwamba, mu chiwindi ali m'magulu atatu. Kutsogolo amatchedwa zapambuyo pituitary. Malinga ndi mbali morphological, mugawo ili ndi England zaminyewa chiyambi. Lili mitundu yambiri ya maselo endocrine.

Zapambuyo Lobe wotchedwa neurohypophysis. Iwo apangidwa pa embryogenesis monga oumbidwa ventral ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha ndi yodziwika ndi ofanana ndi izo neuroectodermal chiyambi. Mu zapambuyo mbali ya anasonkhana pituitsidy - maselo spindle woboola pakati ndi ubongo axons hypothalamic.

Wapakatikati kachigawo (ofanana pamaso) ndi zaminyewa chiyambi. Dipatimenti imeneyi pafupifupi kwina anthu, koma bwino ndithu anasonyeza Mwachitsanzo, mu makoswe, ng'ombe ndi ruminants yaing'ono. wapakatikati Lobe wa ntchito munthu amachita ochepa gulu maselo mu gawo kutsogolo kwa gulu kumbuyo, zinchito ndi embryological kugwirizana ndi zapambuyo pituitary. Tsopano tiyeni tikambirane mbali tafotokozazi mwatsatanetsatane.

ulimi wa mahomoni

Amapanga zapambuyo maselo pituitary limasonyeza mitundu eyiti asanu amene ali chibadidwe kugwira ntchito secretory. zinthu izi monga, makamaka:

• Somatotrofy. Iwo acidophilus zinthu zofiira granules bwino. Iwo amapanga kukula timadzi.
• Laktotrofy. Izi chikasu zinthu acidophilus ndi granules lalikulu. Iwo amapanga prolactin.
• Tireotrofy basophil. Maselo amenewa kubala chithokomiro-zolimbikitsa timadzi.
• Gonadotrofy basophil. zinthu izi kubala LH ndi FSH (gonadotropins: follicle popatsana ndi luteinizing mahomoni).
• Kortikotrofy basophil. zinthu amenewa adrenocorticotropic timadzi corticotropin. Komanso apa, monga miyambo ya gulu wapakatikati, anapanga melanotropin ndi beta-endorphin. mankhwala awa zichokera kwa kalambulabwalo mamolekyulu lipotropinovyh mankhwala.

corticotropin

Ndi pogawanikana pamawere mankhwala a proopiomelanocortin glycoprotein mokwanira lalikulu limene anapanga basophilic kortikotrofami. pawiri Izi mapuloteni lagawidwa pawiri. Kachiwiri - lipotropin - lang'ambika ndipo amapereka melanotropin peputayidi endorphin. Nkofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya antipain (antinociceptive) dongosolo ndi kusinthasintha mawu m'badwo adenohypophyseal mahomoni.

zotsatira zokhudza thupi la corticotropin

Iwo anawagawa extraadrenal ndi adrenal. Recent ankaona lalikulu. Mu zochita za corticotropin kuchuluka kaphatikizidwe mahomoni. Pamene pali owonjezera hyperplasia ndi hypertrophy wa kotekisi adrenal. kanthu Extraadrenal kukuonetsedwa zotsatira izi:

• Kuonjezera ulimi wa kukula timadzi ndi insulin.
• zotsatira Lipolytic pa minofu adipose.
• Hypoglycemia chifukwa cha kukondoweza kwa katulutsidwe insulin.
• Kuchuluka mafunsidwe a melanin hyperpigmentation chifukwa ubwenzi m'thupi la molekyulu ndi melanotropin.

Pamene corticotropin owonjezera amalembedwa chitukuko cha Cushing limodzi zaphindu kuwonjezeka tochepa mu adrenal lapansi. kudwala iyi akutchedwa pituitary Cushing a. Yafupika pituitary ntchito amakwiya kupanda glucocorticoids. Iwo limodzi ndi kuwasintha kagayidwe kachakudya anasonyeza khalidwe ndi kuwonongeka kwa kukana kuti chilengedwe kunja.

Gonadotropic pituitary ntchito

Development wa mankhwala enieni kwa pellets selo m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana osiyana ndi amuna komanso akazi. Pituitary ntchito akuyendera Pankhaniyi mwa dongosolo adenylate cyclase-msasa. chikoka chawo chachikulu umalimbana zigawo kugonana. kanthu si mapangidwe ndi katulutsidwe mahomoni, komanso pa ntchito ya testes ndi thumba losunga mazira ndi kumanga kwa maselo ma follitropin primordial follicle. Zimenezi zimathandiza munthu osiyana zotsatira morphogenetic, amene kumaonekera mwa mawonekedwe a kukula kwa follicles mu n'kuwasanganiza ndi maselo granulosa kuchulukana mu akazi, komanso chitukuko wa testes, spermatogenesis, ndi kukukulirakulira maselo Sertoli amuna.

Pa ulimi wa mahomoni kugonana follitropin kokha zimakhudzanso wothandiza. Chifukwa kapangidwe ka secretory iye kukonzekera ntchito lutropin. Ndiponso, inalimbikitsa steroid biosynthesis michere. Lutropin akapsa ovulation ndi chitukuko cha yamchiberekero corpus luteum, ndi testes ndi zolimbikitsa zimakhudzanso maselo Leydinga. Iye ankaona kiyi steroid kutsegula maphunziro ndi androgen, progesterone ndi esitirojeni. Mulingo woyenera chitukuko cha gonads ndi kupanga mankhwala operekedwa ndi kanthu synergistic wa lutropin ndi follitropin. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nthawi zambiri ziziyang'aniridwa ndi ambiri akuti "gonadotropins".

Thyrotropin: onse mudziwe

Katulutsidwe izi timadzi glycoprotein ikuchitika mosalekeza ndi kusinthasintha mokwanira lakuthwa tsiku lonse. ndende yake pazipita anati maola limene patsogolo tulo. malamulowo imagwiridwa ndi mogwirizana ntchito ya pituitary ndi chithokomiro zopangitsa. Thyrotropin katulutsidwe timapitiriza tetraiodothyronine ndi triiodothyronine. Onetsani ndemanga kuti mlingo wa ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha ndi pituitary ntchito yake. Zikatero tikulankhula za yimitsira wa TSH. Ndiponso kubweza pansi katulutsidwe wa glucocorticoids. Chinawonjezeka yopanga TSH chophimba amapezeka mchikakamizo cha kutentha okwera pa thupi. Zinthu monga mankhwala, ululu kapena choipa, ziletsa katulutsidwe.

Mphamvu ya thyrotropin

timadzi ichi amatha kumanga ndi lilime achindunji chithokomiro maselo follicular ndi kupangira zosiyanasiyana kagayidwe kachakudya. Thyrotropin kumathandiza kusintha mitundu yonse ya kagayidwe, mofulumira kukhazikitsa ayodini adani a mankhwala ndi kaphatikizidwe chithokomiro thyroglobulin. Kuwonjezeka katulutsidwe chithokomiro timadzi kumachitika mwa kutsegula kwa hydrolysis wa thyroglobulin.

ukuwonjezeka kulemera Thyrotropin thupi chifukwa kuchuluka RNA ndi kaphatikizidwe mapuloteni. The timadzi ochitachita kanthu vnetireoidnoe. Kumaonetsa chodziwa yopanga glycosaminoglycans pakhungu, subcutaneous minofu ndi zaorbitalnoy. Nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa mahomoni Mwachitsanzo, ndi kuperewera kwa ayodini. Kugwiritsa katulutsidwe wa TSH goitre, chithokomiro hyperfunction mawonetseredwe kuchuluka zili steroid chithokomiro (hyperthyroidism), exophthalmos (pucheglazija). pamodzi Zonsezi amatchedwa matenda manda.

somatotropin

timadzi Izi amapangidwa mosalekeza ndi 20-30 mphindi bursts maselo adenogipofizarnyh. Malamulo katulutsidwe wa somatostatin natengedwa somatoliberin (hypothalamic neuropeptides). Kuchuluka kupanga kukula timadzi anati akagona, makamaka langoyamba.

zotsatira zokhudza thupi

Iwo ali oyanjana ndi zotsatira za kukula timadzi pa njira kagayidwe kachakudya. Ambiri mwa zotsatira zokhudza thupi nkhoswe ndi yeniyeni humoral zinthu, fupa ndi chiwindi. Iwo akutchedwa somatomedins. Ngati kuphwanya pituitary England mu mawonekedwe a chinawonjezeka ndi yaitali katulutsidwe wa timadzi kanthu zinthu humoral pa chichereŵechereŵe mwawo. Komabe, anaona kusintha zamadzimadzi ndi zimam'patsa kagayidwe. Motero, kukula timadzi kumapangitsa hyperglycemia chifukwa kuwonongeka mu chiwindi ndi minofu glycogen, ndi chopinga shuga nazo mu zimakhala. Chifukwa timadzi ichi kumawonjezera insulin katulutsidwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo, kukula timadzi kumapangitsa kutsegula insulinase.

Anati enzyme amachita deleteriously pa insulin, kuwaganizira zoipa mu zimakhala. kuphatikiza njira lingachititse isanayambike matenda a shuga (shuga).

pituitary ntchito ndi kuonekera mu kagayidwe a lipids. Pali kutsogolera (nzitsi) zotsatira za kukula timadzi pa zotsatira za glucocorticoids ndi makatekolamaini. Choncho analimbikitsa lipolysis minofu adipose, kuchuluka ufulu mafuta asidi ndende m'magazi, pali kwambiri mapangidwe matupi ketone mu chiwindi ndi ngakhale kusalola ake.

Insulin kukana zikhoza kugwirizana ndi matenda anafotokoza zhirovgo kuwombola. Ngati kuphwanya pituitary England, amene afotokozedwa mu katulutsidwe kwambiri kukula timadzi, ngati kumaonekera ana aang'ono, anayamba gigantism ndi njila mapangidwe thunthu ndi nthambi. Mu okhwima ndi unyamata nthawi yomweyo pali kukula gawo la kukula epiphyseal mafupa chigoba madera ossification chosakwanira. Zimenezi amatchedwa acromegaly. Pamene kukula timadzi akusowa kobadwa nako dwarfism chikhalidwe cha choncho, lotchedwa pituitary dwarfism. Anthu amenewa amatchedwa monga Lilliputians.

prolactin

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa mahomoni zofunika kwambiri kuti pituitary England umabala. Nchito mu thupi anati steroid amachita zosiyana. Kwambiri ndichifukwa amakhudza England mammary. Komanso, amathandiza timadzi secretory ntchito za corpus luteum ndi progesterone kupanga. Prolactin kumatanthauza lamulo la kagayidwe madzi amchere, kuchepetsa excretion wa madzi ndi electrolytes, kumapangitsa kukula ndi chitukuko cha ziwalo mkati, kumalimbikitsa mapangidwe mwachibadwa ndi akuchikazi. Komanso amveke timadzi timapitiriza mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe wa mafuta chakudya Kugawilidwa kwanthaka zimene zimachititsa postnatal kunenepa.

Kumbuyo ndi zigawo wapakatikati: kufotokoza mwachidule

Neurohypophysis amachita kwakukulukulu ndalama zolipirira ntchito. Mu dipatimenti ichinso tochoka neurohormones paraventricular ndi mtima supraoptic mu ubongo imene imalamulira kutentha kwa - oxytocin pamene ndi vasopressin.

Koma gulu wapakatikati, pali aumbike melanotropin. timadzi Izi apanga melanin kumaonjezera kuchuluka kwa ufulu pigment mwa khungu, kumalimbitsa khungu ndi tsitsi. Melanotropin amachita ntchito ubongo peputayidi njira neurochemical mu kukumbukira.

pomaliza

Table "Pituitary Limagwira" anaimira pansipa amalola zakambidwa mwachidule ngati ntchito zafotokozedwa pa limba ndi kudziŵa ntchito mankhwala opangidwa ndi iwo.