Madzi, mchere madzi pa Mars: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi mfundo

Monga malo kufufuza anthu ambiri anachita chidwi ndi mfundo kudziwika moyo zakuthambo. Ndi patsogolo luso mwayi wophunzira mapulaneti pafupi. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Mars - dziko chachinayi mu dongosolo la zowalitsa ikufanana Earth, koma monga kuleza outmoded moyo wake ndi kale utakhazikika pansi. Madzi oundana ndi zosafunika chifukwa kwachilengedwenso anthu mlengalenga, mikuntho amphamvu fumbi - zonse izi zimapangitsa izo kuwerengedwa moyo. Komabe, posachedwapa anapeza madzi pa Mars amapereka chiyembekezo kuganizira dziko monga kunyumba wachiwiri kwa anthu m'tsogolo.

zambiri

Mars ali pafupifupi kawiri zing'onozing'ono utali wozungulira kuposa Dziko Lapansi (6780 kukafika pa avareji), komanso laling'ono kwambiri misa (okwana zana 10.7 a Dziko Lapansi). dziko zoyenda padziko lapansi pano ikuchitika pa kanjira elliptical. kasinthasintha dziko padziko nguli chikuchitika kwa maola 24 ndi mphindi 39, zambiri monga pa dziko lapansi. Koma kuzungulira Sun, Mars ikuyenda yaitali kwambiri - masiku kuposa 686.98 ndi mfundo lapansi. Phobos ndi Deimos - miyezi ya Red Planet ang'ono, zoumbika mosiyanasiyana.

Pamaso pa Mars, aona madzi, asayansi anayamba kuganizira za kukhalapo kwa moyo uko. Theoretically, pakhoza kukhala moyo wautali mpaka chimaoneka pa Dziko Lapansi, koma panali chinachake chimene anawononga chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili.

phunziro

Chinkhoswe mu kuphunzira kwa dziko la USSR, ndi US, India ndi dera European danga kuyambira 1960

Kuti mumve zambiri ndiponso zimene zokopa tapangidwa mwa ntchito kumeneko spacecraft ndi Mars Rovers "Mars", "Woyendetsa Chombo», Chidwi, Mwayi, Mzimu. Kuti Mars kafukufuku amalephera zithunzi yatsopano padziko lapansili, kufufuza zitsanzo nthaka kukonza pamaso pa chifunga, ayezi ndi madzi.

Mowonekera chithunzi cha Mars anapangidwa "Hubble" - amphamvu kwambiri danga zakutali.

Padziko lapansili

Malo owala la Mars amatchedwa m'maiko, ndi mdima - nyanja.

Kufufuza kwaposachedwa kwasonyeza kuti pa Mars pali seasonality. Miyeso ya zisoti kumalo ozizira zake ndi variable m'chilimwe ndi ang'onoang'ono ndi kukula m'nyengo yozizira. Pamwamba pa dziko aphimbidwa m'zigwa, fissures yaikulu, zimaphala kwambiri, nachitira umboni kwa zivomerezi ndi tectonic ntchito.

dziko ali ndi mtunda modabwitsa yosalala. Apamwamba mtunda pa Chigawo kum'mwera zikusonyeza kuti akutali zapitazi, dziko wakhala kugunda kwambiri ndi asteroid ndi, nkhonya lolemera.

Mwina amakhala likuzungulira mapeto a nthawi imene Mars madzi umayenda. Ombani kunadzetsa kuwonjezeka mu maginito mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera chifukwa kusokonekera kwa misa nyukiliya Mars.

kafukufuku pansi

Poyera mbala Chidwi phunziroli zolinga kafukufuku anali pansi Kutentha, imene chinyezi vaporizing anaona. Pambuyo pake, NASA anabwera anapeza zidzasintha, kupeza kuti pa mita kiyubiki dothi lili lita imodzi ya madzi. Kupereka kumene madzi pa Mars, palibe munthu kuganizira kuti pafupifupi kulikonse.

Ena zigawo nthaka youma, koma m'madera ambiri wothira ndipo zimakhala mpaka 4% ya madzi zikuchokera. Komanso, zigawo chapamwamba wetter, ndipo pansi pawo ndi ulusi youma. Si bwino chifukwa chimene chinyezi mu dziko likukumana ndi nthaka pa Mars lili pamwamba.

Investigation wa zigawo zakuya nthaka, opangidwa ndi tikubooleza m'mapanga m'dera wapezeka pawiri carbonates ndi mchere ku zili dongo. Izi zikusonyeza kuti madzi pa Mars unalinso mwa mawonekedwe a pansi.

Long nthambi grooves padziko lathuli, kujambulidwa ku nthambi, mwina zouma bedi la mitsinje yozama. Madzi oundana amene anasandutsa madzi onse mu ayezi umene tsopano amati zobisika mitsinje ya madzi. A nkhungu wosanjikiza ayezi kumathandiza kuti kuzizira, walola otaya kupitiriza kuphunzira mtsinje bedi.

M'mlengalenga ndi cheza pa dziko

Mpweya kulemera m'mlengalenga sangathe kudzitama wa dziko Mars. Madzi mu mawonekedwe a peyala ya mbali yaing'ono kwambiri. m'mlengalenga ndi ochepa, choncho cheza mlingo pano ndi mkulu.

Mpweya woipa zili zikuchokera m'mlengalenga kwambiri - 95%, onse kuchepetsedwa ping'ono asafe ndi argon.

Wapakati kutentha kwa dziko ndi -50 ° C, koma zingakhale pansi kwa -140 ° C. Hypothetically, zaka zambiri zapitazo nyengo pa Mars anali wetter ndi yotentha, nkhani ya mvula.

Malingaliro ndi kutsimikiza

Kuthekera kwa madzi pa Mars akhala poona anthu. Ngakhale popanda zipangizo zina zapadera, telesikopu, asayansi ayamba kuika patsogolo pa kungoganizira kuli madzi pa dziko kale ilili anatumidwa koyamba mu mlengalenga.

Ngakhale m'zaka za m'ma XIX Giovanni Schiaparelli analola amati Mars madzi. Komanso, amanena kuti dziko pali njira zambiri, nzeru yokumba. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti pamene madzi umayenda pa Mars, ndi wodzazidwa ndi njira zopangidwa analengedwa monga machitidwe ulimi wothirira kusamalira chuma madzi.

Chitsimikizo cha asayansi yopeka anali atulukira dziko madzi. Ichi chiri chikhalidwe choyamba chimene chapangitsa moyo. Chinthu choyamba kwa kusuntha zotheka mwa anthu padzikoli m'tsogolo.

Kupezeka kwa madzi pa Mars anali yojambula mu kuphunzira kwa dzikoli. kupeza china chofunika akakhale weniweni organic moyo.

Salt madzi pa Mars

Kwa nthawi yoyamba za kusintha kwa nyengo pa Mars analankhula Atapeza ndi zipewa zoyera mizati, limene yafupika buku, ndi kuchuluka.

Mu 2011, NASA neno zokopa: utuluke madzi apezeka - perchlorates, amene kuyenderera otsetsereka cha Kumwera kwa dziko lapansi pa makoma a Chigwa cha. Zithunzi kawalidwe Mars Rreconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) atolepo kuti chimachititsanso madzi.

Madzi amalowa mu kasupe, n'kupanga madzi a mazana, ndi zisanu mamita lonse, ndi kusiyiratu m'nyengo yozizira.

Komano, madzi wamba yomweyo anatembenukira kwa ayezi pansi zochita za otsika kutentha padziko Mars. Pali chiphunzitso kuti madzi mchere, mtundu wa nkhaka pamaziko asidi perchloric, chimene chiri chifukwa kapangidwe kake amaundana. Pakadali pano, asayansi sadziwa bwanji mtundu wa madzi. Koma ngati inu kwenikweni mchere madzi pa Mars, ndiye angathe kukhala tizilombo omwe, ngati mchere, monga dziko lapansi.

Chifunga pa Red Planet

Dzuwa likulowa, chifunga pang'onopang'ono limapezeka padziko padziko lathuli. Izi zili chitsimikizo china chakuti madzi alipo pa Mars. Nkhungu limatuluka pa malo ozizira. Lili mazira particles ayezi kuti kugwa pansi kuchokera chifunga pansi pa madziwo wake. Iwo anakwanitsa kutenga chithunzi cha "Phoenix", akulozera mmwamba laser. Ena particles ayezi kumira mu nthaka, motero kuonetsetsa kuwombola zonse pakati pa mlengalenga ndi pamwamba pa madzi.

Usiku chifunga tikamva atagona pamwamba kugwa kuchokera wambiri akuluakulu particles ayezi. The mwamphamvu ndi kutalika kwa izo zimatengera nthawi ya chaka.

Mkuntho ndi mikuntho padziko lapansili

Ngakhale pamaso madzi pa Mars, asayansi ankaganiza kumeneko yatsoka kwa mphepo fumbi ndi mafunde. Nyengo pa Mars anali nthawi zonse ozizira ndi youma malinga ndi mfundo ndi ziphunzitso kale naye.

Anamanga chitsanzo chosonyeza zinthu Martian biliyoni 3.5 zaka zapitazo, anawulula kuli nyanja kale chimphona ofunda. The nthunzi kuuka kwa pamwamba pake, anapanga mtambo, amene ndiye mvula flakes. Zimenezi zimabweretsa kuganiza kuti dziko angaone ndi mikuntho chisanu.

Mu 2015, a mbala Mwayi anatenga chosonyeza zithunzi yaikulu fumbi mdierekezi. m'bale wake Mzimu wakhala mobwerezabwereza zithunzi ofanana pamaso. Koma nthawi iyi mphepo yamkuntho anali kwenikweni amazipanga lalikulu kukula, ukhadabisa iye pamwamba lathuli.

Mphepo gusts namondwe kunyamula mchenga, fumbi, ndi kufikira imathamanga mamita mpaka zana pa mphindi.

Martian nyanja

Anapanga mu 70 mafano amasonyeza kuti Mars kale nyanja kuti anaphimba zambiri kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Pamaso pa grooves mu pamwamba limasonyeza kuti kuli nyanja yaikulu ndi mitsinje.

Studies ntchito zamphamvu Rada anasonyeza kuti pansi pa zigawo za nthaka zibisika oundana yaikulu. MRO chovumbulutsidwa anatambasula kwa mazana makilomita ku North Pole kuti kuwundana equator. Madzi Mars mu mawonekedwe a ayezi lili kwambiri pansi pa phazi la formations phiri, mkati zimaphala a mapiri.

Kuti kwambiri dongosolo ngalande akhoza theoretically awumbika mwa akutali nyanja zapitazi. Njira okha mwachidziwikire anaonekera chifukwa cha utuluke chiphalaphala, mchenga, miyala komanso kukokoloka kwa nthaka ayezi. ntchito chiphala kwachititsa kuti chitukuko cha buku lalikulu mpweya, umene unali chifukwa m'mapanga kwambiri.

Kumwa madzi pa Mars

Asayansi American kuti hypothesized kuti poyamba Mars anali yambiri madzimadzi, amene pang'onopang'ono odzipereka dongosolo kuphanga. Ndipotu, m'phanga anakhala zachilengedwe mwachibadwa-anapanga yosungirako, mwinanso madzi, amene akhoza pali kumwa.

Mu zitsanzo dothi mchere Mars ankagwidwa, kuphatikizapo mpweya zofunika pa moyo wa anthu. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti dziko linali madzi kale kumwa. Kupezeka kwa madzimadzi abwino limasonyeza kuti Mars anali zikhalidwe za chitukuko cha dziko moyo monga.

Komano, organic kufufuza zinthu akafuna dziko mlengalenga, asteroids, amene nthawi zambiri anakumana ndi pamwamba pake, umboni ndi zimaphala ambiri. Choncho motsimikiza kuti Mars anapeza madzi oyenera kumwa, pamene n'zosatheka.

The mwambi m'mapanga mobisa koma kuti atha, pa iye kuswa maganizo awo asayansi yopambana. Koma kudziwika zolephera mu chithunzi, mabowo padziko Mars, ndi kuti akhoza kusiya kamodzi madzi zikusonyeza kukhalapo kwake kwambiri m'mapanga.

Kaya kulamulira la Mars alipo?

Studies ya Red Planet akupitiriza. Pali malo ambiri pa Mars, madzi, ndi moyo mwina kwachilengedwenso mu mawonekedwe a mabakiteriya kumeneko. Kufufuza aluso, izo zikanakhala zabwino kutumiza kukaona kufufuza dziko, koma tsopano lingaliro ali gawo mapulani.

Popita ku Mars, kudzatenga chaka sichinathe. The chombo zidzawapita malo okha mu gulu, sangathe kutsukidwa, ndipo iwo adzakhala ndi kudya zakudya zamzitini. Munthu sangakhale nthawi yaitali m'chingalawa. Linaopseza tulo, yaitali maganizo ndi matenda ena a muubongo.

Pakadali pano, zili yaitali munthu danga sinali pa chiopsezo imfa ya minofu ndi mafupa minofu mchikakamizo yokoka yokumba. Nthawi pazipita kupeza spaceman pa bolodi ISS ndi wofanana ndi theka chaka.

The colonizers woyamba simungakhoze kukhala ana, zotsatira cheza zimawononga amasintha zikuchokera dontho la umuna. Komanso, cheza cha saloledwa kukhala padziko popanda spacesuit, kodi kukhala ponena za Earth Science matenda wosadziwika.

Ngakhale theoretically ndi kulamulira kwa dziko n'zotheka, koma kuti akwaniritse njira yoyamba akwanilitse cholinga, muyenera maphunziro yaitali dzikoli, ndi chitukuko cha zida zatsopano ulendo bwino kuti iye ndi njira yabwino kuzilambalala mphamvu yoipa ya Mars munthu.