Kukhuthala ndi chiyani? kukhuthala muyeso wagawo

Kukhuthala limafotokoza luso la zakumwa kapena mpweya kulenga kukana pakati kusuntha wachibale zigawo mzake wa madzimadzi (osati olimba) matupi. Kuti ndi yofunika imeneyi ikufanana ndi mphamvu ya mikangano mkati (English akuti: kukhuthala), anachokera ku kayendedwe ka mpweya kapena madzi. Pakuti matupi zosiyanasiyana zidzakhala zosiyana, monga izo zimatengera chikhalidwe chawo. Mwachitsanzo, madzi otsika kukhuthala poyerekeza ndi uchi, umene ndi apamwamba kukhuthala. The mikangano mkati kapena fluidity olimba (zambiri) zakuthupi yodziwika makhalidwe rheological.

Mawu kukhuthala amachokera ku Latin Viscum, lomwe limatanthawuza mistletoe. Ichi ndi chifukwa mbalame-laimu, womwe wapangidwa kwa mistletoe zipatso ndi ntchito kugwira mbalame. Zomatira topaka nthambi za mitengo ndi mbalame atakhala pa iwo, anakhala mosavuta anthu.

kukhuthala ndi chiyani? Mayunitsi wa muyeso wa makhalidwe adzapatsidwa, monga mwambo, mu dongosolo SI, komanso ena mayunitsi sanali SI.

Isaac Newton 1687, kukhazikitsa malamulo zoyambirira za otaya matupi madzi ndi gaseous: F = ƞ • {(V2 - v1) / (z2 - z1)} • S. Pankhaniyi, F - ndi mphamvu (tangential) zomwe zimabweretsa kusintha kosangalatsa a zigawo makina thupi. Chiŵerengero (V2 - v1) / (z2 - z1) chimasonyeza mlingo wa kusintha otaya mathamangidwe madzi kapena mafuta a kusinthika kuchokera wosanjikiza wina ndi mzake makina. Apo ayi kudziwika monga otaya mathamangidwe masinthidwe amtundu kapena mlingo kukameta ubweya. Ukulu wa S - mbali (mu gawo mtanda) ya makina otaya thupi. Ƞ The Kugwirizana Chinthu ndi mamasukidwe akayendedwe koyefishienti wa zazikulu thupi ili. Kukula, osiyanitsidwa ake J = 1 / ƞ, ndi fluidity. Force anagwira pa malo Unit (mu gawo mtanda) akulowera akhoza kuchita masamu malinga ndi njira: μ = F / S. Ndi mtheradi kapena zazikulu kukhuthala. Mayunitsi wa muyeso mu dongosolo SI, akhoza chimaonetsera wachiwiri Pascal.

The kukhuthala ndi yofunika makhalidwe a zinthu zambiri zathupi mankhwala. Mtengo wake mu nkhani za kapangidwe ndi ntchito piping ndi zipangizo zimene pali gulu (mwachitsanzo, ngati ntchito ikukoka) madzi kapena gaseous sing'anga. Zimakhala mafuta, mafuta ndi-mankhwala awo, osungunula slag kapena galasi, ndi zina zotero. Kukhuthala nthawi zambiri ndi khalidwe Mkhalidwe wa intermediates ndi mankhwala chomaliza cha manufactures osiyanasiyana, kuyambira zimatengera pa dongosolo la thunthu ndipo ikusonyeza physico-mankhwala boma la nkhaniyo ndiponso kusintha sayansi. Nthawi zambiri, chaka ndi kukana kuti mapindikidwe si ntchito kapena atapita mphamvu ndi kinematic kukhuthala, amene mayunitsi SI mayunitsi ndi m'kukoma mamita lalikulu pa mphindi. Kinematic kukhuthala (amaimira ν) ndi chiŵerengero cha kukhuthala zazikulu (μ) kwa kachulukidwe madzimadzi (ρ): vesi = μ / ρ.

Kinematic kukhuthala - ndi makhalidwe a nkhani physico-mankhwala, kusonyeza mphamvu yake pansi zochita za mphamvu yokoka kukana otaya.

The SI unit wa kinematic kukhuthala muyeso Akuti monga m2 / s.

Mu CGS dongosolo kukhuthala chimaonekera pa Stokes (St) kapena centistokes (cSt).

Pakati mayunitsi kuyeza pali ubale zotsatirazi: masentimita 1 = 10-4 m2 / s, ndiye 1 cSt = 10-2 masentimita = 10-6 m2 / s = 1 mm2 / s. Nthawi zambiri kinematic kukhuthala ndi mzake si zokhudza zonse unit wa muyeso - ichi madigiri Engler, amene Stokes kutengerapo angathe kuchitidwa mfundo wazotsatira: vesi = 0,073oE - 0.063 / oE kapena tebulo.

Kutembenuka ndi kukhuthala zazikulu mayunitsi dongosolo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu aone kuti pali extrasystematic: 1 Pa • m'ma = 10 poises. Shorthand kwalembedwa AP

Kawirikawiri mayunitsi ndi malamulo madzimadzi kukhuthala normative zolembedwa pa yomalizidwa (malonda) mankhwala kapena ndondomeko zofunika pa interm pamodzi ndi osiyanasiyana chosankhika cha kusintha makhalidwe izi Mkhalidwe, komanso ndi zolakwa za kayesedwe.

Kudziwa kukhuthala pansi zasayansi kapena zinthu mafakitale viscometers ziwembu zosiyanasiyana. Iwo akhoza kukhala makina, ndi mpira, capillary, akupanga. Mfundo kuyeza kukhuthala ndi viscometer galasi capillary zochokera kudziwa atapita nthawi ya madzi kupyolera calibrated capillary chubu cha awiri ena, ndi utali, ndi zonse viscometer ayenera kuwaganizira. Popeza kukhuthala zinthu zimadalira kutentha (ndi kuwonjezeka kanthu adzakhala ndichepe chifukwa chiphunzitso maselo kayendedwe chifukwa cha mathamangitsidwe za kayendedwe mwachisawawa ndi anzake a mamolekyulu), kotero kuti chitsanzo mayeso ayenera anakhalabe kwa kanthawi pa kutentha ena pafupifupi otsiriza mu buku la chitsanzo. Pali njira zosiyanasiyana yovomerezeka kukhuthala mayeso, koma ambiri - ndi Interstate muyezo GOST 33-2000, amene anatsimikiza zochokera kukhuthala kinematic, ndi mayunitsi Pankhaniyi mm2 / s (cSt), ndi zazikulu kukhuthala ndi recalculated monga chotsatira cha kukhuthala kinematic ndi osalimba.