Kodi kutentha? Kutentha mayunitsi - madigiri. Kutentha kwa nthunzi ndi gasi

Munthu aliyense loyang'anizana tsiku kutentha lingaliro. Oti khazikika mu miyoyo yathu tsiku ndi tsiku ife konzekera mu mankhwala mayikirowevu kapena kukonza chakudya mu uvuni, timasamala ndi nyengo pa msewu kapena kupeza ngati madzi ozizira mu mtsinje - onsewa yogwirizana ndi mfundo imeneyi. Ndipo kodi kutentha, lomwe limatanthawuza chizindikiro thupi, zimene womwewo? Pa mafunso amenewa ndi ena m'nkhani ino.

kuchuluka thupi

Tiyeni tione zimene kutentha kwa maganizo a dongosolo lakutali la thermodynamic mgwirizano. Mawu akuti amachokera Latin ndipo limatanthauza 'kusanganikirana yake "," wamphamvu "," Kugwirizana ". Khalidwe limeneli amadziwika boma la thermodynamic mgwirizano wa dongosolo macroscopic. Ngati kumene dongosolo akutali ali bwino, ndi ndime ya nthawi inadzachitika kulanda mphamvu kwa chinthu motentha ndi zochepa mkangano. The chifukwa ndi mayikidwe (kusintha) kutentha mu dongosolo. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba zopanda (ziro chiyambi) yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe.

Kutentha ndiyo kufalitsa particles gulu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ya chitetezo ndi velocities, mlingo wa ionization mwa mankhwala, ndi mgwirizano katundu wa ginito wamagetsi poizoniyu matupi kachulukidwe zonse chochuluka cheza cha. Kotero kuti dongosolo kuti ali thermodynamic mgwirizano, magawo awa ngofanana, ndiye iwo dongosolo kutentha.

plasma

Komanso mgwirizano matupi, pali machitidwe amene chikhalidwe amakhala ndi mfundo zingapo kutentha si ofanana. Chitsanzo chabwino ndi madzi a m'magazi. Amakhala ma elekitironi (kuwala mlandu particles) ndi ayoni (lolemera mlandu particles). Pamene mwansanga zimachitika mofulumira mphamvu kutengerapo ku elekitironi kuti elekitironi ndi ion kuti ion. Koma pakati pa zinthu sakanikira inadzachitika kusintha pang'onopang'ono. Madzi a m'magazi akhoza kukhala mu mkhalidwe imene ma elekitironi ndi ayoni payokha pafupi mgwirizano. Pankhaniyi, aliyense kutentha angathe kutenga maonekedwe a particles. Komabe, pakati pa magawo awa adzakhala osiyana.

maginito

The matupi imene particles ali mphindi maginito, mphamvu kutengerapo ambiri kumachitika pang'onopang'ono pa maginito madigiri translational ufulu yomwe imakhudzana ndi kotheka kusintha malangizo a makokedwe. Iwo likukhalira kuti pali limati mu thupi ali ndi kutentha kuti si lifanane ndi chizindikiro kayendedwe. Iwo limafanana akupita patsogolo ndi tinthu pulayimale. Maginito kutentha Mzimuyo gawo la mphamvu mkati. Zimakhala kapena zabwino kapena zoipa. Pa mphamvu zinayambira adzakhala inasamutsidwa kuchoka tinthu ndi mtengo wokwera kuposa particles ndi mtengo wotsika kutentha ngati iwo ali onse zabwino kapena zoipa. Mu ndondomeko iyi nkhani chowawa idzayenda zosiyana - kutentha zoipa ndi "apamwamba" kuposa positive.

Ndipo chifukwa kuli kofunika?

The chododometsa kwagona kuti munthu msewu agwire ndondomeko muyeso onse kunyumba ndi makampani, musati ngakhale ayenera kudziwa zimene kutentha. Pakuti ndi okwanira kudziwa kuti ndi mlingo wa kutentha chinthu kapena chilengedwe, makamaka chifukwa mawu awa ndife bwino kuyambira ali mwana. Inde, ambiri zipangizo zothandiza kuona chizindikiro ichi makamaka amaona katundu osiyanasiyana zinthu kusintha mlingo wa magetsi kapena kuzirala. Mwachitsanzo, kuthamanga, kukana magetsi, kuchuluka kwa T. D. zizindikiro zina zalembedwa pamanja kapena wosangalatsa anawamasulira kuti mtengo wolakalakika.

Choncho, kudziwa kutentha, palibe kuphunzira sayansi. Malinga ndi mfundo imeneyi amakhala ambiri a kwa dzikoli. Ngati TV ntchito, si koyenera kumvetsa njira kusintha zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, kuphunzira magwero a magetsi mu kubwereketsa kapena amapita ku kachipangizo mbale chizindikiro. Anthu ntchito kuti pali akatswiri m'dera lililonse, amene adzatha kukonza kapena yesa dongosolo. Babbitt sanafune Usatong'olere ubongo wanu, chifukwa kumene bwino kuonera sewero kapena mpira pa "bokosi", pamene sipping mowa ozizira.

Ndipo ine ndikufuna kudziwa

Koma pali anthu, nthawi zambiri ndi ophunzira amene ali kaya mmene chidwi chawo kapena chifukwa choti kuphunzira sayansi kudziwa zimene kutentha kwenikweni. Chifukwa, pofufuza, iwo kugwera mu ndikuyenda yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe ndi kuphunzira ndi ziro, malamulo yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Komanso, kudziŵa kuti ndi kumvetsa Carnot mkombero ndi mphamvu zosagwiritsika ntchito. Ndipo pa mapeto a ulendo wake iye ankadziwa kuti mtima wa kutentha monga chizindikiro kusintha dongosolo matenthedwe kuti sikudalira pa mtundu wa thunthu ntchito, si kuwonjezera zikumveka kuti mphamvu ya lingaliro ili. Komabe mbali yapadziko lapansi adzatengedwa ndi dongosolo lonse mayunitsi (SI) ena madigiri.

Kutentha kwa mphamvu kayendedwe

More "chogwirika" ndi njira wotchedwa chiphunzitso maselo-kayendedwe. Kuyambira chifaniziro ichi aumbike kuti kutentha amaonedwa monga mawonekedwe a mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu kayendedwe wa mamolekyulu ndi ma atomu, ndi chizindikiro pakuchitika pa nambala yaikulu particles mosintha kusuntha ndi muyezo zimene zimatchedwa thupi kutentha. Choncho mkangano tinthu dongosolo kusuntha mofulumira kuposa ozizira.

Popeza mawu amenewa ndi yogwirizana ndi kayendedwe mphamvu avareji gulu tinthu, zingakhale zachilendo ngati unit kutentha ntchito joule. Komabe, izi sizichitika, ndi chifukwa mphamvu ya zoyenda matenthedwe ndi tinthu pulayimale ndi ochepa poyerekezera joule lapansi. Choncho, kungakhale kovuta ntchito. Matenthedwe zoyenda amayezedwa mayunitsi a joules timapemphera wapadera chinthu kutembenuka.

kutentha mayunitsi

Pakali pano, mayunitsi zitatu zikuluzikulu ntchito kusonyeza chizindikiro ichi. Mu dziko lathu, kutentha nthawi anatsimikiza madigiri Celsius. Maziko a pachikhalidwe izi ndi madzi solidifying mfundo - ubwino wachilengedwe. Ndi mfundo pakuyenerera. Ndiko kuti, madzi kutentha pa zomwe ayezi amayamba, ndi ziro. Pankhaniyi, madzi akutumikira monga muyezo chabwino. Khalidwe limeneli kusakhulupirika Analeredwa kwa mayiko. Phindu lachiwiri ndi kutentha mtheradi nthunzi ya, i.e. pamene madzi amapatsirana boma zamadzimadzi gaseous lapansi.

The mayunitsi zotsatirazi madigiri Kelvin. Magwero a dongosolo lino ankaona kuti mfundo za ziro mtheradi. Choncho, mlingo umodzi Kelvin liri limodzi digiri Celsius. kusiyana ndi chiyambi chabe pakuyenerera. Ife tikupeza kuti ziro Kelvin ndi wofanana 273,16 madigiri opanda Celsius. Mu 1954 msonkhano General pa poyeza anaganiza m'malo akuti "digiri Kelvin" chifukwa unit kutentha mu "Kelvin".

Wachitatu wamba unit wa muyeso madigiri seshasi. Mpaka 1960, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito m'mayiko onse Chingelezi. Komabe, lero kunyumba US ntchito wagawo izi. dongosolo ndi mwapadera anthu tafotokozazi. Pakuti chiyambi anatengera kuzizira kutentha kwa mchere osakaniza ammonia ndi madzi mu chiwerengero 1: 1: 1. Choncho, Fahrenheit yozizira koopsa mfundo ya madzi ndi wofanana ndi madigiri kuphatikiza 32 kuwira - kuphatikiza madigiri 212. Mu dongosolo ili, digiri chimodzi kusiyana ndi wofanana 1/180 wa kutentha izi. Choncho, osiyanasiyana kuchokera 0 kuti +100 madigiri Fahrenheit mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera -18 kuti +38 Celsius.

mtheradi ziro

Tiyeni tiwone chimene chizindikiro ichi. Mtheradi ziro mtengo wotchedwa malire kutentha pa zimene abwino mpweya kuthamanga zidzathawa pa buku amodzi. Izi mtengo wotsikitsitsa mu chikhalidwe. Monga zinanenedweratu ndi Mikhail Lomonosov, "ndi wamkulu kapena digiri otsiriza a chimfine." Ndizoonekeratu pamenepa mankhwala malamulo Avogadro akuti: mabuku ofanana mpweya pansi chikhalidwe cha kutentha chomwecho ndi kuthamanga lili ndi anthu ngati omwewo mamolekyulu. Kodi motere pamenepa? Pali kutentha osachepera mpweya limene kuthamanga kapena buku kudzatha. Khalidwe limeneli limagwirizana ndi mtheradi ziro Kelvin, kapena madigiri 273 Celsius.

A ochepa zosangalatsa za dongosolo la zowalitsa

Kutentha pa pamwamba pa dzuwa ukufika madigiri 5700 Kelvin, ndi pakati penipeni - 15 miliyoni Kelvins. Dziko lapansili dzuŵa amasiyana mzake mawu a magetsi. Choncho, kutentha kwa pakati padziko lathu ndi pafupi zofanana padziko lapansi pano. Dziko yotentha Jupiter ankaona. Kutentha pa malo a pakati pake penipeni kuti kasanu kuposa mu pamwamba dzuwa. Ndipo apa pali mtengo wotsikitsitsa opezeka pamwamba pa mwezi - anali madigiri 30 okha Kelvin. Khalidwe limeneli ndi ngakhale poyerekeza padziko Pluto.

Mfundo za Earth

1. mtengo wapatali kwambiri kutentha zalembedwa anali munthu biliyoni 4 madigiri Celsius. Khalidwe limeneli ndi nthawi 250 kuposa kutentha kwa dzuwa phata. Lembani anapulumutsa New York Brookhaven zachilengedwe zasayansi mu collider ion, amene kutalika ndi za 4 makilomita.

2. The kutentha kwa dziko si nthawi zonse wangwiro ndi omasuka. Mwachitsanzo, mu Verhnoyanske Yakutia kutentha m'nyengo yozizira akutsikira ku opanda madigiri 45 Celsius. Ndipo pano mu mzinda wa ku Aitiopiya wa Dallol zisinthe. Pali pafupifupi kutentha kwa madigiri kuphatikiza 34.

3. The zinthu zinafika poipa kwambiri imene anthu ntchito, olembedwa migodi ya golide ku South Africa. Anthuwa ntchito pa akuya makilomita atatu pa kutentha madigiri 65 Celsius.