Kasimov Khanate mbiri, dera Boma

Maphunziro onse, omwe adanyamuka m'ma 15 inatenga zaka zoposa mazana awiri, akadali mutu wa kukambirana mwaukali, ophunzira amene ali azambiriyakale odalirika. Kasimov Khanate - ndi wapadera chodabwitsa m'mbuyomu. Pamene adadzuka? Kodi udindo anali? ndi udindo anamuuza mu mbiri Russian chiyani? Chifukwa ufumu "Genghisides" anakomoka? Pano pali mfundo zikuluzikulu kuti ali maganizo kwa akatswiri a m'mbuyomu. Chosowa magwero mwachindunji ndi paucity umboni kukakamiza mbiri yakale asankhe yekha nkhambakamwa zimene anali zaka zingapo zapitazo Kasimov Khanate. Lero, zodabwitsazi anali kuphunzira mpaka kumapeto. Tiyeni tiyese mwachidule ziphunzitso zazikulu kuphunzira ndiponso tione, n'chiyaninso chimene chingakhale nkhani ya Kasimov Khanate.

pakati nucleation

Kapangidwe pamwamba kenako makhalidwe a statehood anatuluka, malinga ndi asayansi, m'dera limene fuko moyo Meshchera. nthumwi zake, kulankhula chimodzi mwa zilankhulo Finno-Ugric, anthu theka-woyendayendawu. Kumayambiriro kwa Zakachikwi chachiwiri, m'dera la fuko litalanda Asilavo krivichi. Sitingathe kunena kuti meschertsy anasangalala alendo sanatiitane, koma akuwagwiritsa ndi dziko lawo, iwo sanatero.

Ndipo krivichi ataima pa siteji apamwamba a chitukuko, kotero ndithandizeni anthu Aaborijini kuti moyo wawo wotukuka kwambiri chikhalidwe. Komabe, makamu kudabwa ngati Asilavo achuluke mu malo amodzi. Meschertsy koyamba m'nyumba za oshkurennyh zipika okhalamo anali omasuka kuposa dugouts lapansi. Patapita kanthawi, ndi "mbadwa" anayamba kumanga yokha kanyumba, kutsatira chitsanzo Krivichy. Ndipo anali akadali kudyetsa ulimi, komanso chinkhoswe mu mbiya, ndi blacksmithing. Zonsezi anathawa chidwi cha eni. Potsilizira pake, mabanja awiri podruzhatsya ndi kugwedezeka pamodzi. magazi awo ndi wosanganiza, pa Aaborijini kuphwera mu miyambo maziko achikunja, chinenero. Iwo azidzalamulira "zotsogola" kukwaniritsa Asilavo onse ndi moyo chitsanzo chawo.

Gorodets Meshchersky

Patapita zaka meschertsy krivichi ndipo Integrated. m'mudzi mwawo adziwonetsa gulu chikhalidwe-Kupititsa ndi dzina wokongola Gorodets Meshchersky. Zinali ndiye ndi panali Kasimov Khanate. Kupititsa kuthetsa anali pafupi ndi pamalo amene mtsinje zimapita ku Oka Babenka.

Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, mu m'ma 12, Gorodets Meshchersky anapita Grand Prince Yuri Dolgoruky. Iye anatenga chisamaliro cha kulimbitsa malire a Russia wakale, ndi kutsimikiza kuti kuthetsa wa Asilavo Krivichy ndi malo yabwino, Gorodets Meshchersky analamula kuwasandutsa malo otetezedwa bwino.

Zinali mu 1152, ndipo mwalamulo akukhulupirira kuti mzinda linakhazikitsidwa pa nthawi. Pamudzi The anateteza mpanda matabwa, chemba ndi chiunda chomenyerapo nkhondo zadothi. Choncho Gorodets Meshchersky anakhala mtetezi waukulu Suzdal-Vladimir ukulu. Pamudzi mosamalitsa kupirira ntchito anatumizidwa mpaka mu 1376 sanabwere kwa Russia ndi Mongol-Chitata. mdani agwidwa ndipo anatentha Gorodets Meshchersky.

tawuni yatsopanoyi

Komabe, patapita kanthawi opulumuka a nkhondo meschertsam anatha kumanganso mzinda, koma mu malo osiyana. Tsopano ndi kuthetsa (zomwe analandiranso dzina lina - New Nizovoy mzinda) lili pakati zigwembe awiri akuluakulu, amene anali kuchokera kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa mumbali mwa zopinga kuwachiritsa mdani. Kuchokera kumpoto mzinda rimmed nkhalango moti, ndi kuchokera kum'mwera - mtsinje ndi gombe mkulu lamapiri. Kulimbikitsa chitetezo cha makoma mzinda anaikidwa kumbali zonse, pamwamba pa zomwe limatuluka khoma matabwa. The ndondomeko ya ntchito yomanga latsopano udzu mizu ya mzinda zinachitikadi m'nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Prince wotchedwa Dmitry Donskoy wa Moscow ndipo Prince Vasili. Onse unachitikira Russian dziko mfundo kuphatikiza, ndipo posakhalitsa latsopano kuthetsa meschertsev ndi Krivichy, linagamula kuti Alexander Ukovich Prince, mbali ya Moscow ukulu. Ndipo Chatsopano Nizovoy mzinda, monga kale, ikuchitika malire a ntchito chitetezo, chifukwa oyandikana nawo anali amphamvu Kazan Khanate, lomwe nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ivan IV anakhala gawo la Russia.

Policy Kazan olamulira

Mphamvu ya Kazan ufumu alternately wadutsa kuchokera ku dzanja m'manja mwa mabanja osiyanasiyana. Mmodzi wa ana a mafumu kulamulira dzina lake Mahmutek kuti apeze wachifumu anatenga moyo wa atate wake, ndi m'bale.

Ake awiri azichimwene (ndi Qasim Yakub), kuthawa, anakakamizika kuthawa Khanate kwawo. Mwadzidzidzi, anawatengera ku Moscow ukulu, amene anafunsa Prince Basil II chitetezo ndi m'mene angatetezedwe. Komabe, wolamulira Russian pakati pa zaka za m'ma 15 sanafune kupita asamenyane momasuka ndi olamulira wa Kazan. M'chaka 1445 Vasiliy Temny anataya nkhondo pafupi Suzdal ana Khan Ulu-Muhammed. Ndipo Kalonga wa Moscow, pamodzi ndi msuweni wake anaonekera pamene ali mu ukapolo. Koma patapita miyezi ingapo Vasily II anali kumasulidwa malipo yaikulu. wolamulira Russian anakakamizika kunena ndi mgwirizano Ulu-Mohammed pa mawu onerous. Prince ali alonjeza kutenga kwambiri wa Chitata, anachokera ku banja mfulu, ndi kudziwa Moscow ukulu "kudyetsa." Mwachibadwa, anthu Russian ndi anakwiya kuti alendo adzakhala ndi kuzilandira. Koma pamene ana a Kazan Khan anabwera kufunsa Basil Mdima zothandizira mipingo yawo, iye anali wokondwa masautso zochitika. Ndipo ana a Ulu-Muhammed moona anatumikira zonse. Prince Kasim anathandiza polimbana wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka, iye anatenga mbali ya ntchito Russian asilikali motsutsa khans wa Golden gulu. Pakuti mtima, kulimba mtima ndiponso kudzipereka kwa Basil II anapereka Qasim cholowa, lomwe linali likulu la Gorodets Meshchersky. Choncho malire a Muscovy anapanga Kasimov Khanate (nthawi ya chiyambi - 1452), ntchito zomwe anali mmodzi wa ana aang'ono a Khan Ulu-Muhammed.

Komabe, olemba mbiri ena amaganiza kuti Tartars anaonekera pa Mescherskaya pansi pamaso kunapatsidwa kwa kasamalidwe Kashima. Izi, makamaka akulankhula za akuluakulu a banja Kalonga Shira. Malinga ndi nthano, iwo anachoka m'dziko anafooka Golden gulu lija ndipo anasamukira ku malo atsopano okhala, amene territorially lili m'mphepete mwa mitsinje Oka ndi Cna. Ndipo mmodzi wa akalonga a Shira anaganiza kuti akakhale ku Mescherskaya lapansi ndipo ngakhale kuti Chikhristu, analandira dzina latsopano - Michael. Akatswiri ena amakhulupirira kuti anali kholo la akalonga Meshchersky. Koma kaya analidi osadziwika.

Qasim ufumu

Ngakhale mu ulamuliro wa Kashima zopatsidwa kwa iye gawo la Gorodets Meshchersky anadzatchedwa. Iye anatenga dzina la mzinda wa Kasimov ndi Kashima City. Pambuyo mwana wa Khan Ulu Muhammad anafa, likulu la kuthetsa kale ndi Meshcherov Krivichy ankatchedwa Kasimov. Koma patapita zaka zingapo kuthetsa 'kusandulika' ndi azambiriyakale, mu Kasimov khanate (ufumu). Kamodzi anapanga, izi wagawo boma, lomwe zinali zochokera Lazaro akale, iwo anayamba kuoneka nyumba yaikulu ya zomangamanga Muslim.

chikhalidwe

Kuyenera anatsindika kuti osati mbiri wapadera Kasimov Khanate, komanso chikhalidwe chake.

Mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 15, mapulani amanga mwaluso weniweni wa zomangamanga - mwala mzikiti ndi minaret, zomwe zinasungidwa, ngati si mu Baibulo pachiyambi, mpaka pano. Ndipo lero mukhoza mukwere minaret ndi kuwona chikhalidwe kwabasi wa dera Ryazan ku ndege mbalame. Dome ndi dongosolo chachikulu ndi khonde poyera ndi mwala mwauzimu staircase. Pa khonde pali malo osewerera, kukwera limene Mullah otchedwa pa nzika kupemphera. Komabe, m'dera pa khonde la nsanjayo ankagwira ntchito malo atsogoleri kudzayendera asilikali. Suli kutali mzikiti ndi mausoleum wa Khan Shah Ali (Tekie), anamanga mwala woyera.

Wokwanira funso mwapadera ngati zinapangidwa ku cholowa cha mwana wamng'ono wa Ulu-Mohammed zitsulo ndalama. Kodi N'kutheka kuti akatswiri mbiri. Mpaka m'ma 16. Komabe numismatists kukayikira ndalama Kasimov Khanate analipo mfundo. Komabe, pansipa wamalonda N. Shishkin mu ntchito yake zolembalemba, iye analemba kuti anali mwayi kugwira mu dzanja zitsulo ndalama m'ma 16 anu atumwi. Ndalama wamalonda anawona zolemba Arabic, amene anamasuliridwa kuti: "Shah Ali / mfumu Kasimov, chaka 1553". Koma numismatists zedi Shishkin muli ndi yabodza, chifukwa maonekedwe amenewa kwa Chitata ndalama siyoyenera. Real Money ananena wolamulira dzina, malo ndi chaka kumasulidwa.

Kumene, mapangidwe Kasimov Khanate - njira tsatane Mipikisano imene chidwi mbiri yakale otchuka ndi olemba. Mwachitsanzo, mbiri ya boma cholowa Russian anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane theka lachiwiri la 19 m'ma wasayansi B. Velyaminov - tirigu. Zotsatira za kafukufuku wake anali zinayi buku "Phunziro pa Kasimov mafumu ndi akalonga." Wolemba Vladimir Soloviev m'zaka 19 chomwecho, lofalitsidwa buku, "Kasimov mkwatibwi." Chabwino, patatha zaka zingapo wamalonda N. Shishkin, amene anali kukhala m'dera la Mescherskaya dziko, analemba buku limene mfundo zokhudza anafotokoza mmene anali Kasimov Khanate maphunziro.

Udindo mu mbiri ya Russia

mwanjira ina, koma dera lomwe kalelo panali kuthetsa Krivichy ndi Meshcherov anakhala kwa Russian njira States zambiri ngakhale pa nthawi ya ulamuliro Yuriya Dolgorukova. patapita zaka, izo zachitika mu mawu chikhalidwe ndi ndale Kasimov Khanate. zaka 1445-1552 anali lofunika kwambiri mu mbiri iye. Zonsezi zinayamba ndi Ulu-Mohammed, amene anathandiza Basil Mdima atengenso wachifumu, anataya chifukwa cha kugalukira ndi. Wotchedwa Dmitry Shemyaka unagonjetsedwa. Ndipo amayamikira thandizo mkulu wa Moscow amapereka Meshcherskaya likhale dziko Qasim.

Ndipo anatumikira Vasily Mdima mokhulupirika nawo nkhondo asilikali kumbali ya boma Russian. Choncho, Kasimov Khanate, amene olamulira anapitiriza malamulo a mwana wake wamng'ono Ulu-Mohammed atamwalira, chinali chimake chenicheni cha Russia wakale.

Shahghali

Makamaka pa nkhani imeneyi, tisaiwale nyota za Khan Shah Ali. Ngakhale mnyamata anali akulimbirana ndi zosamvetsetseka masewera ndale, komwe Kazan alternately akutenga mbali ya Grand Duchy wa Moscow, ndi Crimea Khanate. Shahghali mobwerezabwereza anakhala wolamulira wa Ufumu wa Kazan, koma nthawi iliyonse unagonjetsedwa (Ngati munthu, pa njira imene Ivan IV). M'kupita apeza Kasimov Khanate (likulu - mzinda wa Qasim).

Mu 1552-mamita-Ali Shah pamodzi ndi asilikali ake anathandiza Ivanu Groznomu kugonjetsa Kazan.

ubwenzi Modabwitsa wolamulira wam'tsogolo wa Qasim Khanate ndi Suimbeki kukongola amene anali mkazi wamasiye wa womwalirayo Khan wa Kazan. Mtsikanayo sanali lalifupi ndi anyonga Shahghali, koma Ivan IV ankafuna kukwatira banja kuti zivute zitani, ndi kuzindikira maloto awo. Koma chimwemwe pa ukwati kapena Suimbeki kapena Shah-Ali sanam'bweretsere. Wokongola wamasiye anali kukhala moyo wake, ngati mbalame m'chikwere, popanda kusiya Kasimov Palace ndi Khan nthawi wolemetsedwa ndi chakuti mkazi wake anaipidwa.

Anamanganso mmikono Kasimov Khan aziyamikiridwa ndi anthu ambiri Russian. Shahghali anathandiza kubisa kugalukira ku Kazan mu 1554, kenako nawo nkhondo pafupi Vyborg ndi asilikali a Sweden, ndiyeno anapita ku nkhondo ndi Livonia. Ndipo mu 1562 kumenyana pa mbali Russian ndi Polish Mfumu Sigismund, ntchito asilikali Shah analanda Polotsk. Patapita chaka chimodzi, mfumu inalamula kupita Khan Lithuania. Mu ntchito imeneyi ndi Shah-Ali limodzi mbuye Ivan Wolski.

mwanjira ina, koma Chitata warlord anathandiza kwambiri kukuza malire a boma la Russia. A kwambiri kaya Kasimov Khanate? M'dera azikhala ya cholowa inkakhala, kuwonjezera likulu, fiefs angapo kuchokera kudziyimira pawokha ofunda, monga: Temnikov, ENKA, kanyumba, Kadom.

Kumbali ya mtundu, "ufumu" anayimiridwa mwa magulu atatu: Mordovians, Kasimovskoye Chitata ndi Chitata-Mishars. Kotero kuti ethnographers, azambiriyakale, amene kale ankaphunzira chodabwitsa otchedwa Kasimov Khanate. The chilankhulo anthu ake? Pa umodzi wa Tartar m'zilembo ndi zinthu Mishar adverbs.

Ali Shah anafa 1567, ndipo thupi wolamulira anaikidwa mausoleum wa Kasimov.

Pambuyo pa zaka zambirimbiri za mbiri V. Velyaminov - Zernov analemba kuti, kuwonjezera Khan, matupi ndi Tekie mkazi wake Bulak-Shal ndi Suimbek ndi abale angapo.

Wolowa mmalo mwa Shah-Ali

Ndani ali ku malo a Kasimov Khanate? mafotokozedwe zimasonyeza kuti tsoka ili anali kupereka wachibale wa Shah-Ali, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo anali mdzukulu wa Akhmat Khan wa Golden gulu. Iye ankatchedwa Sain-Bulat. Management Mescherskaya dziko iye anapereka mlandu Ivan Grozny. Ndipo mwini latsopano Kasimov Khanate anayamba kuthandiza Russian tsar kugonjetsa dera latsopano.

Mu 1573, Khan anabatizidwa mu Mpingo Orthodox ndipo anatenga dzina la Simeon. Pambuyo kuti Ivan IV analanda Sain-Bulat Meshchersky m'mphepete, koma anamusiya mutu. Patapita zaka ziwiri, m'khutu mosayembekezeka ananena Simeon Bekbulatovich "Tsar ndi Grand Prince wa Russia." Mwachibadwa, zonsezi kunapezeka kuti ndi eni wamba: Ivan IV chilichonse sukanaleka wachifumu. Patapita miyezi ingapo m'khutu mosatsata Khan udindo waukulu, koma m'malo kuperekedwa kumalo a cholowa cha Tver. Koma kodi Kasimov Khanate? Wotanganidwa m'dera la ili, kuyambira pa maganizo a akuluakulu a Chitata apamwamba, kudziyimira pawokha, kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 16 pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa. Onse chifukwa chakuti ntchito ya m'manja Muslim a Russia zinachitikadi kale firii kotala, ndi Ivan VI salinso ndinawona mu Ufumu, zochokera wamng'ono mwana wa Ulu-Mohammed, chiyembekezo chachikulu.

Ufumu Nthawi ya Mavuto

Pamene mpando Russia, anayesa kulanda Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, mu Mescherskaya pansi akulamulira Khan Chikazaki mafumu Uraz-Mohammed. Izi anamupatsa fiefdom mu 1600. Boris Godunov yekha. Pamene nthawi Russia nastupiliSmutnye, Khan anavomereza mu "Tushino mbala" ya mtsogoleri lilipoli. Uraz-Mohammed anasamukira ku Tushino. Pakuti ichi zinthu mfumu Vasiliy Shuysky kuzungulira likulu Kasimov Khanate. The wonyenga anathawa, ndipo kenako anaonekera Kaluga. Posachedwa Chikazaki Khan komanso masamba malire a cholowa chawo, ndipo woyamba mu mumsasa wa mfumu Polish, ndiyeno anapita kwa Kaluga, kukhala pa bwalo la Sigismund III. Mwana wa mkulu wa Kasimov ufumu pa nthawi umene unalinso mwa Kaluga. Ndipo patapita kanthawi ana Uraz-Mohammed anati Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, amene Khan akufuna angamuperekere. Chifukwa, Tushino mbala ankakopa Uraz-Mohammed kusaka, ndipo kenako anamupha. Koma posakhalitsa tsoka chomwecho kugwera wonyenga, amene adzafa pa manja a Nogai Prince Peter Urusova.

Meschera m'zaka 17

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 17 anakhala pa mpando wachifumu mu Kasimov Araslan Aleevich, amene poyamba ankatumikira ku Chachiwiri asilikali warlord nalamulira Tartar asilikali pa Vologda Mtsinje. Mu ulamuliro wake, Moscow ochuluka n'kusokoneza mu zochitika mkati mwa Khanate. Russian abwanamkubwa mfumu anayamba kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa akuluakulu a Chitata otchuka. Yabwino isanafike tandem (Kasimov Khanate ndi Russia) m'nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Mikhail Romanov wakhala lotha pafupi kwathunthu.

Koma tiyenera kutsimikizira kuti mpaka 20s kwa zaka za m'ma 17 ndi Chitata anapitiriza kutenga nawo mbali pa mbali ya Muscovite mwayekha mu nkhondo yolimbana ndi Lithuanians, Poland, ndi "Russian Likhodeev". Kenako kulondera malire a Russia chiwopsezo cha kuukira Crimea Chitata. Atamwalira Meshchersky Araslana dziko Aleevicha analowa ofesi mwana wake Seyid-Burhan. Komabe, akuluakulu a nthumwi ya mafumu Siberia anali kochepa. Kasimov Khanate, amene chuma kwenikweni kunapezeka kuti mu manja a Moscow State anakhala yaikulu kuligonjetsa Russian zopereka. Koma mkulu zazing'ono analoledwa kulankhula ndi amalonda ena ndi akazembe. Monga munthu wamkulu, Seid-Burhan anatengera Orthodoxy kukhala Basil Araslanovichem. Kasimov anakhalabe kazembe, ngakhale kudzadalira zochepa. Seid-Burhan anafa 1679.

likamalowa ufumu

Wolamulira otsiriza a dziko linakhala Meshcherskys Fatima Sultan (mkazi wa Khan Araslana Aleevicha). Kukhala usinkhu wapakati, iye anali pa mpando wachifumu zaka 2 yekha, ndi kazembe wake komanso anali ofunda. Ake pafupifupi mosatsata moyo. The chifukwa wakupha anali kuti wolamulira ankafuna kusintha kwa Orthodoxy.

Kasimov Khanate, amene gawo pambuyo pa imfa ya Fatima Sultan inafika pansi pa ulamuliro wa Moscow akalonga, unatha mu 1681. Ndiye Meshcherskys dziko anapita Tsar Peter, amene analola wake "poteshniku" - chisudzo Balakirev - ". Kasinovskim Khan" wotchedwa Kenako, Mfumukazi Catherine ndinapatsa Kasimov yosamalira imodzi confidants wake.

The matabwa Kasimov mobwerezabwereza nkhani ya moto, kumene kumakhudza makamaka maonekedwe mbiri ya mzinda. Only m'zaka 18 mochedwa inasanduka zikomo mwala khama la wamanga I. Gagina. Modern Kasimov, yomwe ili m'dera Ryazan, ndi malo a ndende ya alendo ochokera Russia.