The wotchi pa boma la Russia ndi Spassky Tower: The Nkhani ndi zithunzi

World wotchuka wotchi pa Spasskaya Nsanja ya Russian Federation of likulu anaonekera kalekale, monga momwe kwanenedwera, ndi azambiriyakale, mu 1404. Komabe, iwo akhazikitsidwa nthawi oyamba pa boma la Russia nsanja, anali pafupi ndi Cathedral wa Annunciation, pomwe kunyumba yachifumu pa kwambiri Vasily Dmitrievich. Dzina la mbuye amene anawapanga iwo, muyaya okhala m'mbiri ya zaka: "dongosolo la chasnik - Prince lokha wotchi chabwino Serb mmonke Lazaro."

mbiri Kremlin Clock

Mawu "Chimes" ndi Chifulenchi likumasuliridwa kuti "panopa". Tonsefe kuyambira ali Kremlin wotchuka chimes, nkhondo imene timakondwerera Chaka Chatsopano, ndi mbiri yodabwitsa. Iwo ali wotchi nsanja, imene, chifukwa ya mabelu anatsekula zimatulutsa wina nyimbo zoimbira nkhondo. Izi nsanja wotchi amanyalanyaza Yofiira Square ndipo ali ndi chipata kuyenda kutsogolo, amene nthawi zonse, kupatula chosintha, oyera.

Only mu 1658, Spassky nsanja nalo dzina lake, pamaso pa iyo inkatchedwa Florovsky anali mmodzi wa nsanja 20 boma la Russia, inamangidwa mu 1491 ndi Chitaliyana wojambula ndipo wamanga Antonio Solari. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, wotchi pa Spasskaya Tower akhala anaika mu XVI m'ma mawotchi ambuye kuti chaka analandira malipiro abwino ndi zovala pabwalo anayi nsalu.

The wotchi munthu kumatenga kwathunthu mu 1585. chakuti iwo analipo kale, ndipo zikusonyeza umboni wina: zikuoneka pa zipata zitatu za boma la Russia nsanja nyumba - Spassky (Florovsky), Utatu ndi Chinsinsi - ndiwo anawerengedwa mwa utumiki wa "Breviary." Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XVII pa nsanja boma la Russia (kupatula Nikolskaya) anali mahema, ndipo chifukwa nsanja iyi khumi Spasskaya anakhala kufika msinkhu wa mamita 60. Mawotchi mu 1614 anakhala Nikifor Nikitin, iye anali ndi udindo yokonza ndi kukonza yake limagwirira fakitale. Tikudziwanso kuti akumenyana koloko, anadza ziyambe kukonzedwa wathunthu, unali amagulitsidwa 1624 Spassky ansembe yotchedwa Yaroslavl kulemera.

Christopher limagwirira Gollueya

Koloko ya Spasskaya Nsanja ya Moscow Kremlin panthawiyi kwambiri wosazindikira, kuwonjezera, iwo akuvutika kwambiri moto pafupipafupi, ndipo kenako Moscow, anauza wotchuka English mawotchi Christopher Gollueya. Anamuthandiza Russian blacksmiths - Zhdanov, mwana wake wamwamuna ndi mdzukulu Alex Shumila. Mu 1626, wotchi pa Spasskaya Tower zopsereza ndi kumangidwanso mwatsopano Galloway.

Russian wojambula Bazhenov Ogurtsov mu 1636 analenga iwo achifumu hema, omwe anakhala ulemerero wa gulu loyimba onse a kamangidwe ka boma la Russia. Maola ntchito pa ulimi wa Vologda wamba - bambo ndi mwana Virachevy ndi kutitsogolera njira Galloway. Pakuti "perechasya" caster Kirillom Samoylovym 13 mabelu anaponyedwa.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, malipiro a mbuye English anali 64 rubles pa chaka. Old wotchi anagulitsidwa 48 rubles. Izi zinasonyeza kuti watchmakers mu Moscow kum'lemekeza kwambiri ndi maudindo, iwo amalandira malipiro lalikulu, kwambiri makamaka kwa anthu amene mwatsatira munsanja ija. Kwa anthu ogwira ntchito, wakhala analenga ngakhale mawu apadera padalembedwa kuti Spasskaya Tower kunali kosatheka kuti amwe, kusewera makhadi, kugulitsa fodya, vinyo ndi zina zotero. D.

Kufotokozera maola

Malinga m'nthawi ya nthawi, zinali zodabwitsa mzinda wotchi zachitsulo. Chifukwa cha kukongola ndi chipangizo anali wotchuka padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo liwu lawo wolemekezeka anamveka oposa 10 miles. The oyimba anali utoto buluu. Mbali yaikulu ndi chapakati osiyanasiyana ake anakhalabe n'kupuma, pamene mbali yakunja mu m'lifupi ndi 1 mita, zimayenda. The wotchi anali Asilavo kalata zilembo kulemera anali maola 3, makilogalamu 400.

Kremlin Clock anali anayeza usana ndi usiku nthawi anasonyeza manambala Asilavo ndi makalata (mkuwa TACHIMATA ndi golide), ndipo ankaimba nyimbo. M'malo mivi anali dzuwa yaitali mtengo Ufumuyo kumtunda waukulu oyimba lalikulu. litayamba anagawa 17 wofanana mbali, yoyenerera kwa longitude pazipita tsiku m'chilimwe. Mid litayamba chidafundidwa ndi buluu enamel, ndipo pa izo amwazikira siliva ndi golide nyenyezi ndi dzuwa ndi mwezi zithunzi. Dials (ndi awiri a 5 m) anali awiri. Akukumana nalo kwa boma la Russia, ndi ena anapita ku China Town.

Peter I

Pakutha koloko XVII m'zaka za boma la Russia ndi Spassky Tower kamodzi Christopher Gollueem anakhala unusable kwathunthu, ndiyeno 1704 ku Holland, nyanja, Peter Ine kumabweretsa latsopano. Iwo anabweretsedwa kuchokera Arkhangelsk kuti ngolo makumi atatu, kuchokera Zachuma pa nkhani imeneyi wakhala allocated kuposa 42.000 Efimkov (European Western ndalamayo). Dziko lonse mu nthawi ya kusintha kwa limodzi kuwerengetsa tsiku. Patatha zaka zitatu, wotchi yaikulu ndi maola 12 oyimba anaikidwa pa Spasskaya Tower. Iwo anatenga Ekim Garnov ndi akaphunzire ochepa amene asintha ndi anapezerapo limagwirira kwa masiku 20.

kapu mbuye

Komabe, patapita kanthawi, ndipo ulonda awa dilapidated, ndipo pambuyo moto waukulu wa chaka cha 1737, ndi onse zitawonongeka. Komabe, ndi nthawi iyi likulu anali kale Petersburg, ndi chifukwa kukonza sitidakhala mofulumira.

Pamene anakwera wachifumu Catherine II, anakhala chidwi boma la Russia chimes. Kenako Berlin mawotchi Fatts (kapu) lidzaloŵa m'malo wotchi chimes kwambiri English, opezeka pa Palace la Mbali. Patatha zaka zitatu, pansi pa utsogoleri wake, iwo kukhazikitsa Ivan Polyansky - Russian mbuye, ntchitoyi inamalizidwa mu 1770. Popeza waukulu mbuye m'chipatala akunja, ndiye izo pa boma la Russia adawomba nyimbo O du lieber Augustin ( «O du lieber Augustin"). Nkhani okha mbiri ya koloko, pamene iwo amasewera nyimbo yachilendo.

nthawi Napoleon

Pamene anachotsedwa Moscow, asilikali Napoleon a, pa Spassky Tower wotchi boma la Russia ndi anakumana bwinobwino, ndipo anapeza kuti wotchi zawo sizikugwira ntchito. Pamenepo mwini Yakov Lebedev mu February, mwezi wa 1813 anapereka vutolo ndalama zawo. Anapatsidwa choncho, koma pamaso izo zinkayenera kuti lowani kuti si bwino mupewe limagwirira ntchito mwakhama. Ndipo zaka 2 kenako wotchi anali akuthamanga, ndipo Lebedev anali kupereka mutu wa mbuye mawotchi Spassky maola.

Patapita zaka zingapo, kuyesa wina anapangidwa kuyeretsa limagwirira, popanda kukatseka patsogolo chimes, koma akulephera. Kenako kukonzanso anali ganyu ndi olimba Butenop abale. Mu 1850 koloko anawachotsa limagwirira kugwira mbali dilapidated m'malo. Pa nthawiyi, anaponyedwa bedi watsopano, thupi lake linali matani 25. Pa kuphedwa ntchito kampani analandira ndalama kuchuluka kwa 12 000 rubles. Chifukwa, mu March 1852 ntchito zonse zitatha, ndipo nthawi choyamba chimes pa nsanja anayamba kudzapereka nyimbo "Preobrazhensky March" ndi "Glorious ndi Ambuye wathu."

maola kusinthidwa ntchito kwa zaka 25, ndipo mu 1878 chifukwa 300 rubles kuzikonza anatenga Master W. Freimuth, amene anakhala mawotchi lotsatira Kremlin nsanja. Poyamba, kunali koyenera kuti chimes ankaimba nyimbo za "Mulungu Pulumutsani Tsar!" Koma Mfumu Nicholas Ine sankaloledwa kutero, pofuna kufalitsa nyimbo, kupatula nyimbo ya. Mu 1913 m'ziwawa kubwezeretsa zinachitikadi kuti patha zaka za Romanov mafumu. Company Butenop abale anapitiriza kutumikira limagwirira lapansi.

Kukwera

Anabwera pa nthawi yovuta ya October kuukira boma, ndipo mu 1917 nkhondo mwachindunji kugunda mu nkhope ndi lowonongeka koloko lodziwika bwino. M'chaka cha 1918, pamene Moscow unakhala likulu kachiwiri, V. I. Lenin analangiza boma mwachangu kukonza chimes.

Ambuye anayang'ana kwa nthawi yaitali, aliyense anali mantha kukwata ntchitoyo. Wotchuka wotchi zopangidwa (kampani Bure ndi Roginskii) anapempha limanena yaikulu, umene panthawi imeneyo sanathe kuonetsetsa boma kumene zinapangidwa. Ndiyeno kuzikonza anatenga boma la Russia makaniko N. I. Berens. Iye ankadziwa limagwirira zovuta, monga bambo wake anali kamodzi ntchito kampani asanayambe kutumikira chimes. Ndiponso kumuthandiza pa nkhani anavomera Cheremnyh wojambula JM, iye anali zigoli zofanana pa nyimbo za "Inu idagwa wovulalayo" ndi "mayiko" pa pempho la mtsogoleri wa proletariat lapansi.

Ndiyeno ndi yokwera mtengo pendulum latsopano mamita pafupifupi chaka chimodzi ndi hafu m'litali analengedwa ndi kulemedwa makilogalamu 32. Ntchito yobwezeretsa anamalizidwa mu September 1918. Ndiye Muscovites koyamba anamva kugunda koloko pa Spasskaya Tower. Patapita nthawi, mu 1932, a chimes kachiwiri amafuna yokonza. Ambuye opangidwa nkhope watsopano (ndi buku lenileni la chimodzi) ndi kukonzanso gilded felemu, manambala ndi mivi pa izo adayendayenda 28 makilogalamu a golide.

Stalin

Motsogoleredwa Stalin ankayesetsa kusintha wotchiyo kuti nyimbo ali latsopano Soviet nyimbo Aleksandrova analembadi, koma sizinathandize. Mu 1991 iye kachiwiri ankafuna kuchita ntchito imeneyi, koma kunapezeka, izi sizinali zokwanira mabelu atatu. Mu 1996, patatha zaka 58 tischiny, Kremlin chimes nyimbo zinkaimbidwa pa mwambo wotsegulira Pulezidenti Russian B. N. Eltsina ( "kukonda dziko lako Song" ndi "Ulemu" M. I. Glinki).

Kubwezeretsedwa otsiriza chinachitika mu 1999, zinatha miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mivi gilded kachiwiri, kubwezeretsa maonekedwe lonse ndipo mmalo mwa "kukonda dziko lako Song" wotchi potsiriza anapha mmwamba fuko la Chitaganya cha Russia.

Kremlin Clock: chithunzi ndi miyeso

Maola zatenga apansi wapadera wa Spassky Tower: kuyambira 8 mpaka 10 a. limagwirira yaikulu ili mu chipinda chapadera pa 9 pansi. Ake actuated miyeso itatu kulemera kwa makilogalamu pafupifupi 160 kuti 224. limagwirira nyimbo imakhala ya mabelu (onsewo zakonzedwa moganizira osiyanasiyana makamaka) ndi otchedwa mapulogalamu yamphamvu amene awiri ukufika mamita awiri, izo imazungulira ndi kulemera chimphona yolemera makilogalamu 200.

Cylinder zikhomo actuated belu aliyense masekeli makilogalamu 500. Mabelu pambali pansi chakhumi. Mwa njira, wina anena kuti anachita Klavdiy Fremi ku Amsterdam m'chilimwe cha 1628.

Sitingayerekeze n'komwe kukula kwa lonse chipangizo, ndi kokha oyimba ali awiri a 6,12 m. Nanga ndi kutalika kwa manja miniti ya wotchi pa Spasskaya Tower? Ndipo kodi miyeso ya ola? Tiyeni tiganize. Zochokera chakuti mtengo wa aliyense wa zinthu izi sayenera upambana m'mimba mwake theka la oyimba, mmodzi akhoza kuganiza kuti muvi lalikulu adzakhala pafupifupi 3 meters. A yaing'ono, motero, adzakhala pang'ono pokha. Tsopano tiyeni tione deta ndi boma. Choncho, miniti dzanja pa wotchi nsanja Spassky m'litali ndi 3,27 m, ola masentimita zosakwana 30 -. 2,97 mamita wotchi fakitale kawiri pa tsiku. Kukwera kulemera galimoto, aliyense kutsinde kupeza kulemera kwa ingots chitsulo masekeli mpaka makilogalamu 200, kulemera kuchuluka m'nyengo yozizira.

Kulembera ndi kukonza

Tsiku lirilonse, wotchi pansi pa mayeso njira ndi kamodzi pamwezi - pa mwatsatanetsatane. The wotchi pa Spasskaya ntchito mawotchi wotsimikizika ndi chronometer ndi umalamulidwa ndi zipangizo zapadera. Limagwirira lonse afewetsedwa kawiri pa sabata, ndi chilimwe ndi chisanu ntchito lubricant.

Limagwirira a boma la Russia wotchi pa Spasskaya Tower ikugwira bwino ndi pafupifupi m'ma hafu. Kumbali chitsulo kulemba iwo kuti wotchi atatembenuzidwa abale Butenop mu Moscow mu 1851. Masana ndi usiku iwo kumenya Russian Nyimbo yafuko, ndi pakati - "Ulemerero."

Pomaliza

Ambiri amachita chidwi ndi funso lakuti: "Ndani nsanja, kuwonjezera Mpulumutsi, kuti wotchi?" Mu Moscow Kremlin koma chimes, anatipatsa koloko mu Grand Kremlin Palace, Utatu komanso Borovitskaya nsanja.

chimes lodziwika bwino ndipo komabe womwewo mbiri ya dziko lalikulu, iwo akhala chizindikiro chachikulu cha wamkulu ndi wamphamvu Russian.