AD Menshikov - Russian States ndi mtsogoleri wa asilikali, wapafupi kucheza ndi ankakonda Peter I: yonena

lothandiza Petro anapereka Russia kwambiri maina yowala ndi chosiyana. Kuyambira zino sangathe kulamulidwa Alexander Menshikov - wochirikiza wokhulupirika ndi bwenzi la mfumu yoyamba. Atamwalira Petro, ananena ndi otsogolera mu boma, koma ...

mizu Menshikov

Chiyambi cha tsogolo "poluderzhavnogo wolamulira" akadali amachititsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa mbiri yakale. AD Menshikov anabadwa mu 1673 mu Moscow. Iye sanali mbadwa ya ena banja otchuka lolemera. Wotchuka buku nkhani za mnyamata Alexander, amene anali kugulitsa makeke m'misewu ya likulu. biographers ambiri Menshikov retell nkhani zotsatirazi. Small kuphika wogulitsa anagwira diso la Franz Lefort - amphamvu boma wolemekezeka. Lakuthwa-witted mnyamata ankakonda ambiri, ndipo adamgwira iye ku utumiki wake.

Komabe, anthu nthano za "makeke Wogulitsa" kawirikawiri kutsutsana. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti unachitikira ndi wolemba wotchuka Alexander Pushkin, amene anaona nkhani imeneyi m'mabuku ake yokonza buku la mbiri ya ulamuliro wa Petro.

Komabe, magwero otsika wa Prince m'tsogolo chakuti iye anali osaphunzira. Palibe chikalatacho ntchito anali sakhala ndi dzanja lake. Chifukwa chochita zinthu A. D. Menshikov ndinali alembi, amene anali nthawi zonse ndi Iye.

Kuzolowerana ndi Peter

Komabe, umbuli wa kalata sanaletse mnyamatayo kukhala mfumu ya idzatha. Alexander ndi Peter anakumana kudzera Lefort. Kale mu zaka 14 Menshikov anakhala mwadongosolo Romanov, ndipo posakhalitsa mnzake wapamtima. Iye anali pafupi Peter mmbuyo mu masiku pamene Iye analibe mphamvu yeniyeni, koma anaphunzira zimenezo ndi maalumali awo amusing. Kalonga anakhala mkulu woyendetsa gulu, ndipo A. D. Menshikov - scorer.

masiku osasamala achinyamata apita pamene gulu la boyars atathamangitsidwa Alekseevnu Sophia ndi Petro ananena mwayekha-mfumu. Lokha, ndi iye pa mpando wachifumu anali m'bale wake Ivan. Koma chifukwa thanzi lake osalimba kuti Romanov sanali nawo amchigulu, ndi mmene khoti Kalonga Menshikov, zinali kwambiri.

A ankakonda achinyamata mfumu

The fuko lomveka wamng'ono anali nawo mbali mwachangu ndi kulinganiza maganizo a Petro. Imodzi mwa makampani yoyamba anayamba Azov yokopa. Mu 1695, Peter anatumiza asilikali kuti malire a kum'mwera a boma, kuti muwone kuti nyanja ofunda. Apa A. D. Menshikov anali woyamba lalikulu zinachitikira asilikali, amene anamuthandiza m'tsogolo. Chaka chotsatiracho, Peter anayamba Wamkulu ofesi ya kazembe ku Europe. Ndi iye anatenga wake wokhulupirika anzake ndipo ambiri achinyamata amene anali kuphunzira kumadzulo zamanja.

Inali pa nthawi imeneyi Menshikov kukhala bwenzi singasiyanitsidwe ndi mfumu. Iye mokoma mtima anachita ntchito yake yonse ndipo zonse tikwaniritse zotsatira zabwino. Mu izi zinamuthandiza mwa changu komanso mphamvu nduna anali mpaka kukalamba. Komanso, Alexander mwina munthu yekhayo amene Amachepetsa mfumu. Peter ankasiyana kupsa mtima msanga. Iye salola zolakwa ndi zolephera atumiki, anadza kuchokera kumbuyo iwo ali wokwiya kwambiri. Menshikov amatha kupeza chinenero, ngakhale munthawi yovuta. Kuwonjezera apo, pafupifupi bwino kwambiri ndi maganizo wokhutitsidwa wa mfumu, ndi konse adampereka Iye.

Nawo nkhondo Kumpoto

Mu 1700 izo anayamba nkhondo yaikulu mu moyo wa Petra Velikogo ndi Menshikov - North. Russian mfumu akhafuna bwerera dziko ku Baltic gombe. Chikhumbo anakhala lingaliro amodzi. Mu zaka makumi awiri, mfumu (ndipo choncho, pafupifupi ake) anatha pamaulendo wosatha kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo.

WarAvocat pansi Peter 1 anakumana udindo wokopa mkulu Preobrazhenskii Regiment. kupambana Choyamba naye mu 1702, pamene iye anafika ndi asilikali atsopano kuthandiza Mikhail Golitsyn, amene anaima pansi makoma Noteburg.

zipambano zofunika

Komanso Menshikov dzina lake Aleksandr Danilovich nawo kuzinga yofunika Nienschanz. Iye anali mmodzi wa ndiAmene wa woyamba Russian panyanja tidzapambana pa nkhondo. Mu May 1703 zombo ndi utsogoleri mwachindunji kwa Petro ndi Menshikov anagonjetsa Swedish zombo pa kamwa wa Neva. mfumu kusiyana Other mtima ndi liwiro la kanthu. Kudzera adzatumpha ake kuti akwere ngalawa ziwiri zofunika za mdani unatengedwa. bwino sanasangalale nazo. Pambuyo nkhondo apolisi makamaka wolemekezeka analandira Order wa St. Andreya Pervozvannogo. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Menshikov. nkhondo wakhala kamodzinso anatsimikizira luso lake utsogoleri.

Chidwi ndi zina zokhudza kuti mwambo. Choyamba, Menshikov dzina lake Aleksandr Danilovich kunapezeka ndi Knight latsopano Order ndi siriyo nambala 7, pamene Petro analandira kuti nambala 6. Kachiwiri mphoto unachitikira kwa sabata asananyamuke likulu tsogolo - St. Petersburg. Lamulo pa awarding Menshikov kale pa nthawi ino anamutcha wolamulira wamkulu wa chigawo watsopano.

The wolamulira wamkulu wa St. Petersburg

Kuyambira kwa zaka zambiri, mpaka chamanyazi ake, anapita Peter kuyang'anira ntchito yomanga mzinda watsopano. Komanso woyang'anira wake anali Kronstadt ndi sitima zingapo pa Neva ndipo Svir.

The Regiment, amene anali wotsogozedwa ndi Alexander Danilovich otchedwa Ingrian ndi ukugwira ena osankhika mayunitsi - Semenovsk ndi Preobrazhensky Regiment.

Menshikov amalandira udindo wa Prince

Mu 1704 anamaliza kuzinga Narva ndi Ivangorod. Iwo nawo ndi Menshikov. Asilikali Wambiri kakunena pa nawo ngwazi za nkhani zathu zosiyanasiyana yokopa ndi nkhondo. Uliwonse nkhondo iye anali mu mzere kutsogolo mosamala kukwaniritsa malamulo a mfumu. Wake kudzipereka sikunapite pachabe. Mu 1707 analandira Prince anapita Izhora mutu dziko. Tsopano, iwo si analankhula ngati "Grace wanu".

Prince Menshikov anakhala mtima achifumu. Mobwerezabwereza iye chosafota mphamvu ananyamula mwayekha dongosolo. Mu 1707, Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo anasintha zamasewero ku nkhondo. Tsopano, kulimbana ndi mfumu Swedish anagwidwa Poland ndi Ukraine. Menshikov nawo yofunika asilikali a Forest, umene ndi rehearsal kwa zikuluzikulu nkhondo ndi mdani.

Pamene anazindikira chinyengo cha Hetman Mazepa, Prince yomweyo anapita ku likulu lake - mzinda wa Baturin. The linga anatengedwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Pakuti chigonjetso zofunika kwa bwenzi lake Peter kupereka wina malo. Kuchuluka kwa dziko, anagwidwa kutaya Menshikov, anali kwenikweni chodabwitsa.

Izo kamodzi kokha kachiwiri anatsimikizira ngati mlangizi mfumu mtengo. Peter kawirikawiri kuchita popanda nsonga Menshikov nkhani asilikali. Nthawi zambiri, Mfumu anafotokoza mfundo, ndiye kalonga ntchito kupyolera iwo ndipo anapanga mfundo kuwongolera ake. Ndipotu, iye ankasewera udindo wa mkulu wa ndodo ya usilikali, ngakhale mwaukadaulo oterowo positi anali ayi.

nkhondo ya Poltava

Imodzi mwa kupambana kwakukulu kwa Menshikov mbiri yakale kuitana chopereka wake kuti chigonjetso pa Poltava. Madzulo a nkhondo unit wake anaikidwa mu vanguard a asilikali. Menshikov anakhala munthu woyamba nkhonya ndipo ndi mwachindunji chiyambi cha nkhondo. Pa nkhondo kalonga anasamukira ku pambali kumanzere, amene anachita monga mwamphamvu ndi mogwira mtima. Atatu akavalo anaphedwa pansi pa iye ...

Komanso Menshikov, pamodzi ndi Golitsyn. anatsogolera kuzunza asilikali Swedish. Iye anagwira ndi obisalira ndi akhaapatisa mudzipereke. Ndiyamika opaleshoni bwino mu ukapolo anali pafupifupi 15 000 asilikali Swedish, kuphatikizapo alonda wotchuka ndi akazembe (Lewenhaupt, Kreutz ndi zina zotero. D.). phwando lalikulu anapatsidwa ulemu wa akaidi wolemekezeka. Peter, amene anali atakhala pa tebulo, ineyo analengeza Tilandire polemekeza otsutsa kutaya.

Pakuti zochita zake zosonyeza kuti Nkhondo ya Poltava Menshikov anali kupereka udindo wa Field kulamulira. Komanso, iye anapatsidwa ndi magawo lotsatira. Prince anakhala mwini serfs oposa 40 zikwi, kumupanga iye ndi wamphamvu kwambiri munthu mu dziko. Pamene Petro mwakachetechete lankhosa kwa Moscow kukondwerera kupambana kwawo, Menshikov galimoto pa dzanja lamanja la mfumu. Zinali kuzindikira wina wa ntchito kwa boma.

Ndi Moscow kalonga chinali chogwirizana ndi nkhani ina yofunika okha. Mu 1704 analamula kachisi, umene unakwaniritsidwa mu zaka zitatu. Menshikov Tower mu Moscow (monga anadziwika nyumba iyi) tsopano ndi nyumba wamkulu mwa likulu kalembedwe wa Petrine Baroque.

Prince zigawo

Chifukwa boma lalikulu la Prince mu heyday ntchito yake, kuti amangenso ambiri okhala m'dziko lonselo. Iye ndi wodziwika kwa Palace ya Menshikov pa Vasilevsky Island ku St. Petersburg. Poyamba icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati Manor munthu. Komabe, pambuyo "wolamulira poluderzhavnogo" ku ukapolo, nyumbayi anamangidwanso zosowa za Corps asilikali.

Mu wina Oranienbaum Menshikov Palace ndi nyumba yaikulu ya m'dera gulu loyimba mapulani. Amakhala ndi minda angapo, nyumba ndi ngalande. zosiyanasiyana Zonsezi ndi lalikulu ndi yowala zikuchokera, amene chaka amakopeka zikwi alendo.

Palace mu Kronstadt udaikidwa ndi German wamanga Braunstein. Masiku ano, nyumba iyi ndi imodzi mwa wamkulu mu mzinda. Linadzamangidwanso kangapo, chifukwa cha zomwe maonekedwe loyambirira la nyumba yachifumu, mwatsoka, watayika.

dzina lina yofunika ya Prince anali linga Ranenburg mu Makhachkala dera ano. Iye anaika yekha Peter, amene kumayambiriro kwa ulamuliro wake kumanga mu zigawo chapakati ambiri lolimbikitsa la European (Dutch) chitsanzo. Mu 1702 mfumu anapereka malo awa Menshikov, amene anamanga obisika pano.

Kupitiriza Wamkulu kumpoto Nkhondo

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Poltava kanthu njira pankhondo anasamukira ku Russia. Menshikov patadutsa zaka zinayi n'kutsogolera mu zigawo Baltic: Pomeranian, Kurland ndi Holstein. European ogwirizana Peter (Denmark ndi Prussia) kupereka chigamulo chake m'dziko lawo ake (dongosolo la Elephant ndi Order ya Black Mphungu, motero).

Mu 1714 Bwanamkubwa General atabwerera ku St. Petersburg, kumene ankachita nawo gulu la Mkati. Ndi udindo mzindawo cuma, zimene ndalama unaturuka kuchokera m'madera osiyanasiyana. Ngakhale pa moyo wa Petro, panali mphekesera zoti ndalama zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zolinga zina. Ambiri ankakhulupirira kuti ndalama anabalalika Menshikov. Kodi Petro anachita, poyankha mphekesera izi? Ndi lalikulu - chilichonse ankafunika kalonga, ndipo kwambiri anayamikira, chifukwa chimene ambiri ali kutali ndi izo.

Pulezidenti wa Collegium usilikali

Ngakhale nkhanza zake Menshikov mu 1719 akutsogolera latsopano usilikali College. bungwe anabwera chifukwa cha kusintha lalikulu boma la Peter. Mfumu anakana malamulo akale ndi inefficient, ndipo m'malo anakhazikitsa bolodi - prototypes mautumiki ano. Mu nyumba, panali bwino wolowezana, amene machesi latsopano Table a maudindo. Pulezidenti wa Asilikali Collegium wa Menshikov chinakhala chipembedzo choyamba chotero positi.

Pambuyo kalonga anakhala nawo ntchito mwachindunji utsogoleri, sanalinso anatsogolera asilikali kunkhondo. Komabe, lamulo Alexander Danilovich anatsogolera asilikali a moyo mu gawo lotsiriza la nkhondo kumpoto. Mu 1721 Pangano la Nystad yosainidwa, amene anakhazikitsa nkhondoyo watsopano pa Baltic gombe la Russia. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo dziko anali chapatsogolo ndale European mkulu. Polemekeza chigonjetso, Peter wakhala kupereka mabwenzi ambiri ndi alonda amene anali naye zaka ziwiri izi. Menshikov analandira udindo wa wachiwiri wa asilikali.

Imfa ya Peter ndi Catherine bolodi

Anasintha mtima kwa Petro anali chifukwa kuti Mfumu alibe kubzikhotcera kuba wake idzatha. Mu 1724, Menshikov makirediti ambiri a maudindo awo: positi pulezidenti wa Asilikali Collegium, bwanamkubwa wamkulu wa St. Petersburg. Patapita miyezi ingapo Peter anadwala kwambiri ndipo anamwalira. Atatsala pang'ono kumwalira, iye adawakhululukira bwenzi lake lakale ndipo anadzipangira yekha Menshikov.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa moyo wa mfumu pachimake linali funso la motsatizana. Pa mphindi yotsiriza Mfumu anaganiza kuti akapereke mphamvu mkazi wake, Catherine, ngakhale kuti atatsala pang'ono adatsutsika woukira boma. Menshikov anali pafupi ndi mfumu yatsopano. Ndi Alonda, iye kuletsedwa aliyense kutsutsa ankhanza maphwando. Koma chigonjetso wake anali wamfupi.

Ukapolo ndi imfa

Catherine anafa mwadzidzidzi mu 1727. malo ake anatengedwa ndi mdzukulu wake wa Peter Ine Petr II. Mfumu yatsopano mwana, iye sanali kutenga zosankha paokha. Kumbuyo iye adayima gulu la anthu olemekezeka, amene sanathe kulekerera "poluderzhavnogo Ambuye." Alexander Danilovich anamangidwa ndi kuimbidwa mlandu ndi kuba.

Boma latsopano analengeza chigamulo. Link Menshikov amayenera kupita kumpoto. Iye anatumidwa kwa lakutali birch. Ngakhale chamanyazi, ukapolo anatilola kukhala ndi nyumba zawo. Menshikov nyumba zomangidwa ndi manja ake. Pali Iye anafa 1729.