Zochita Redox

Mawu "makutidwe ndi okosijeni" poyambirira ankatanthauza yeniyeni thunthu mogwirizana ndi mpweya kupanga okusayidi, monga mpweya ali mbiri litazindikiridwa monga oxidant choyamba. Ndi oxidizing anamvetsa kugwirizana mpweya, ndi pansi kubwezeretsa - Bwezani. Chotero liwu lakuti "makutidwe ndi okosijeni - kubwezeretsa" akhala opareshoni zimapangidwira. zochita Redox kenako kuonedwa ndi njira monga chifukwa chimene pali kulanda ma elekitironi ku atomu wina ndi mzake, choncho mawu amenewa amamuonera ndi timapangira tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mankhwala enaake a kuyaka mu mpweya: 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO elekitironi kutengerapo amapezeka ku mankhwala enaake a ku oxygen.

zochita Redox yodziwika kuti iwo kucheza ndi reagents kudziwika oxidants ndi reductants. Zinthu maatomu omwe amapereka ma elekitironi ankaona kuchepetsa wothandizira. The mankhwala amene maatomu kutenga ma elekitironi otchedwa oxidants. Zimene pamwamba ndi mankhwala enaake a kuchepetsa wothandizila wokha sukhalira oxidized, i.e. atumiza elekitironi. Mpweya yafupika - amatenga elekitironi ndi oxidizer. Chitsanzo china: CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O. Pamene usavutike, ndi okusayidi mkuwa mu ayoni mtsinje wa hydrogen mkuwa kuvomereza ma elekitironi ku haidrojeni. Ngati wothandizira oxidizing, iwo ndi kuchepetsedwa kwa mkuwa elemental. Haidrojeni maatomu amapereka ma elekitironi, ngati wothandizira kuchepetsa wokha sukhalira oxidized ndi wa hydrogen.

Choncho, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuchepetsa njira kutenga malo imodzi: oxidized kuchepetsa ndi wothandizila oxidizing ndi kuchepetsedwa. zochita Redox tikutchedwera chifukwa pali kugwirizana inextricable pakati njira reciprocal. Ndiko kuti, ngati pali maatomu omwe amapereka ma elekitironi, amene zopezeka ndi ngati kuti ma elekitironi kutenga. Pa nthawi yomweyo monga wa oxidizer ndi wothandizila kuchepetsa kusintha mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Chifukwa cha mankhwala akhoza kupangidwa ndi mtundu uliwonse wa maatomu mu mamolekyulu.

The mitundu ikuluikulu mosiyanasiyana redox:

1. Intermolecular - oxidizable ndipo maatomu reducible m'gulu mamolekyulu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala, mwachitsanzo: 2HCl + Zn → ZnCl2 + H2 ↑ (nthaka - reductant wa hydrogen cation - oxidant).
2. Intramolecular - oxidizable ndipo maatomu reducible m'gulu mamolekyulu a yemweyo mankhwala mankhwala, mwachitsanzo: KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 ↑ (mu molekyulu wa potaziyamu chlorate mpweya - reductant chloro - oxidant).
3. Autoxidation kudzikuza-machiritso kapena disproportionation - yemweyo mankhwala amafotokozera mu zimene ndi kuchepetsa wothandizila ndi oxidizing wothandizira, mwachitsanzo: 3HNO2 → HNO3 + 2NO ↑ + H2O ( ndi asafe atomu asidi nitrous ndi onse wothandizila kuchepetsa ndi oxidizing wothandizira, ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni mankhwala - ndi nitric asidi, mankhwala kuchepetsa - asafe monoxide).
4. Comproportionation reproportsionirovanie kapena - chimodzi ndi chinthu chomwecho ndi digiri osiyanasiyana makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa molekyulu, chifukwa mu mkhalidwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni limodzi, mwachitsanzo: NH4NO3 → N2O + 2H2O.

zochita Redox ndi kuperekedwa mu mawonekedwe ambiri kapena pakompyuta. Munthu angathe tione chitsanzo cha mogwirizana mankhwala: 2FeCl3 + H2S → FeCl2 + S + 2HCl. Apa, atomu ya ayironi ndi wothandizila oxidizing, chifukwa zimatengera elekitironi imodzi ndi kusintha ndi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa +3 kwa +2: Fe + ³ + mauthenga → Fe + ². Ion sulfure kuchepetsa wothandizila ndi oxidized, ma elekitironi ndipo akutumiza chingasinthe makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma pa -2 0: Sˉ² - imelo → S °. elekitironi kapena ion-elekitironi bwino amagwiritsa ntchito mayikidwe a koefishienti stoichiometric mu aone kuti pali lapansi.

zochita Redox zili ponseponse ndipo n'zofunika kwambiri, chifukwa chimayambitsa njira kuyaka wa kuvunda kuwola, kupuma, ndi kupukusa chakudya, kuloŵerera zomera carbon dioxide, komanso njira zina kwachilengedwenso. Komanso, iwo ntchito m'mafakitale zosiyanasiyana yopangira zitsulo ndipo sanali zitsulo kwa mankhwala awo. Mwachitsanzo, zimenezi n'zochokera yokonza amoniya, sulfuric ndi nitric zidulo, ena zomangira, mankhwala ndi ambiri mankhwala ena ofunika. Iwo ntchito umagwirira mawunikidwe kuti tipeze mankhwala osiyanasiyana mankhwala.