Latsopano la sayansi atulukira! Chilengedwe!

Kuzindikira

Chiyambi cha chilengedwe ndi dziko lozungulira.

1. Dziko Loyamba

Chitsanzo choyamba cha chilengedwe chinamangidwa ndi A.Einstein mu 1917. Wopanga chiphunzitso chonse cha kugwirizana kwachikhulupiliro amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chiyenera kukhazikika, siziyenera kutsogolo. Choncho, chitsanzo cha masamu cha Einstein chinalongosola chilengedwe chonse chokhazikika ndipo, monga momwe kusonyezedwa kwa nyenyezi, kunakhala kolakwika.

Zolemba za chilengedwe zinali zodziwika ndi A.A. Friedman. Ntchito za Friedman zinasonyeza kuti m'kupita kwa nthawi, chilengedwe chiyenera kusintha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kale, ziyenera kuti zinalipo m'chilengedwe chonse chokhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Choncho, payenera kukhalapo chifukwa chomwe chingayambitse nkhani yodabwitsa kwambiri. Ichi chinali lingaliro lalingaliro la chilengedwe chophulika.

Mu 1929 E. Hubble, yemwe ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo ku United States, adalongosola zowonjezereka kwa chilengedwe chonse, zomwe zinatsimikizira kuti zomwe Friedman anaganiza ndi zolondola.

Kumapeto kwa 1940. Katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi George Gamow anapereka maganizo a chilengedwe choyaka, motengera chiphunzitso cha "Big Bang", chomwe tsopano chazindikiridwa kwambiri.

Lingaliro la Big Bang limafotokozera mwatsatanetsatane zomwe kusintha kunachitika mu chilengedwe atangoyamba, koma sangathe kufotokozera momwe izo zinayambira, zomwe zinali pachiyambi ndi zomwe zinali zisanayambe, ie. Pamaso pa "Big Bang". Komanso sankatha kuyankha mafunso omwe amatsimikizira chiyambi cha chilengedwe.

Kodi chida cha "Big Bang" chinachokera kuti ndipo china (chofunika) chinali chiyani?

Ngati chilengedwe chikufalikira, ndiye chimawonjezeka kuti?

Bwanji, ngati chilengedwe chikuyendetsa (pafupifupi pa liwiro la kuwala), kuchuluka kwa nkhani kumakhala kosalekeza?

Ndi chifukwa chanji cha homogeneity ndi isotropy ya chilengedwe?

Ngati chifukwa cha chilengedwe chinali "Big Bang", nchiyani chinayambitsa "Big Bang"?

Monga mukuonera, chiphunzitso cha "Big Bang", monga chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha chilengedwe, chimabweretsa mavuto ambiri osathetsa.

Pakali pano pali kukaikira za kuthekera kwa chiyambi cha chilengedwe chonse chifukwa cha "Big Bang", ponena kuti ichi ndi lingaliro lokhalitsa. Ndipo ngati mukuganiza kuti chiphunzitso cha Big Bang sichikhoza kuyankha mafunso omwe ali pamwambawa, omwe amatsimikizira chiyambi cha chilengedwe, ndiye kuti tikhoza kunena kuti chilengedwe chonse chimachokera ku "Big Bang".

Koma ngati "Big Bang" sichikuwoneka kuti ndi chifukwa cha chilengedwe chonse, koma Chilengedwe chonse chiripo, ndiye nchiyani chinayambitsa chiyambi cha Chilengedwe?

Yankho la funso ili laperekedwa kwa ife ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo ndi zakuthupi panthawi yomweyi ikukula ndi malamulo osakhazikika komanso nthawi zonse.

Kwa funso lomwe linali ku Chilengedwe pachiyambi pomwe, i.e. Kwa "Big Bang", zimagwirizana ndi lamulo lachilengedwe lokhazikitsa nkhani, lomwe limati: "Nkhani siingakhoze kuwuka kuchokera ku kanthu kalikonse ndipo siingakhoze kutha popanda tsatanetsatane, iyo ikhoza kungoyenda kuchokera ku mawonekedwe ena kapena boma kupita ku mawonekedwe ena kapena boma. Chofunika ndi chosatheka ndipo sichitha, ndi chamuyaya komanso chosatha. "

Choncho, "Big Bang" isanayambe kuchitika padziko lonse lapansi. Nthawi yomweyo pali mafunso, ndi mtundu wanji wa nkhani komanso ndi chikhalidwe chiti?

Funso loyamba limayankhidwa ndi fizikiki ya pulasitiki.

Mwachilengedwe, monga momwe kafukufuku wasonyezera, pali ziwiri zokha zokhazikika, zamuyaya ndi zosapindulitsa, zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi mpumulo wopuma, zigawo zoyambirira zomwe zimatchedwa - electron ndi positron. Mafuta otsala (monga proton, neutron, etc.), kapena osakhala (mu lingaliro lomwe lilipo) kupuma (photon, neutrino, etc.), kapena kukhala ndi nthawi yochepa (monga maons, mesons, etc.).

Motero, "Big Bang" isanayambe kuchitika m'chilengedwe chonse, nkhaniyi ilipo, yomwe ili ndi ndalama zosiyana siyana - mafoni ndi ma positron, mwachitsanzo. Kuchokera pa nkhaniyi yomwe siimachokera ku chinthu china ndipo sichitha popanda tsatanetsatane, koma imadutsa kuchokera ku mawonekedwe kapena dziko kupita ku mawonekedwe ena kapena boma, otsala kwamuyaya ndi osawonongeka. Zinthu zoterezi ndizokhazikika - magetsi ndi positron.

Zatsala kuti tiyankhe funsolo: "Kodi mlanduwu ungakhale wotani?"

Monga tikudziwira, zida zamagetsi (kupyolera mu mizere ya mphamvu) zimagwirizanirana wina ndi mzake nthawi zonse. Kotero, kunali koyenera kuti Nature ikhale ndi vutoli lomwe sipadzakhalanso kuyenda ndi kugwirizana kwa magetsi magetsi - ma electron ndi positron. Chilengedwe chamapereka, ndipo thermodynamics yatsimikizira chikhalidwe choterocho, kutentha kutentha kwa zero, i.es. Kutentha kotereku, komwe kunatsimikizira kuti zinthu zilipo (zotsalira) za chilengedwe chonse.

Monga momwe mukuonera, nkhani, yokhala ndi zolemba zoyambirira zosiyana, inali m'chilengedwe chonse chokhazikika, mwachitsanzo, Popanda kuyenda ndi kugwirizana.
Tiyeni tifotokoze ndikuyankha funsoli: "Chilengedwe chinali chiyambi bwanji, mwachitsanzo, Pamaso pa "Big Bang"?

Kotero, pachiyambi pomwe, kunalipo ndipo kulipo mzinthu zonse zakuthambo, zopangidwa mosiyana ndi ndalama zamagetsi - magetsi ndi ma positron, omwe ali pamtheradi wa kutentha popanda kuyenda ndi kugwirizana. Chilengedwe chonse, chomwe chili ndi "chodzaza" kotero kuti palibe malo opanda ufulu pakati pa mizere yowonjezera, palibe kutuluka ndi kugwirizana, choncho palibe nthawi yosintha zochitika, ndiye chilengedwe chotero ndi malo opuma kapena chilengedwe choyambirira. Mu chilengedwe choterocho, nkhani yomwe ili ndi zifukwa zosiyana ziripo, motero, kunja kwa nthawi ndi malo.

Wamphamvu> II . Kupangidwa kwa particles ndi kuyamba kwa nucleation ya chilengedwe chonse.

Gawo loyamba.

Chilengedwe choyambirira chikhoza kukhala kosatha kwa nthawi yaitali, ngati palibe chiwonetsero cha chilengedwe chake, mwachitsanzo: ngati mawonekedwe a kusinthasintha kwapakati, kuchepa kwa mphamvu kapena kutentha, ndi zina zotero. Pansi potsutsana, "zofunikira" mizere yowonjezereka zimayambitsa kayendetsedwe ka kugwirizana kwa magetsi ndi ma positoni , Chimene chidzatsogolera ku mgwirizano wawo (mosiyana ndi milandu) ndi mapangidwe a chigawo choyamba cha chilengedwe - photon.

Pamene nkhaniyo imachoka kudziko la mpumulo ku chikhalidwe choyendayenda, lamulo la World Conservation Law likuwonetsedweratu; Zinali zovuta bwanji m'madera amodzi (dziko la chilengedwe cha mpumulo) zambiri ndipo zidapitsidwira kudziko lina (kayendetsedwe ka zinthu).

Tsopano mungathe kuyankha mafunso omwe amatsimikizira chiyambi cha chilengedwe: "Chiyambi cha kubadwa kwa chilengedwe chomwe chilipo ndi kumene chilengedwe chikukula".

Nthawi yoyamba ya kugwirizana (kuphatikiza) za zosiyana zotsutsana za Chilengedwe cha Mtendere mu chigawo choyamba - photon ndipo chinali chiyambi cha kubadwa kwa chilengedwe chomwe chikukula.

Kwa funso lakuti: "Chilengedwe chiriko chikukula kuti?". Yankho ndi limodzi lokha: "Chilengedwe chomwe chilipo chikuwonjezeka chifukwa cha kusintha kwa zinthu kuchokera ku malo opumula kudziko la kayendetsedwe kake, mwachitsanzo, Kuwonjezera pa kuwononga kwa Chilengedwe cha Mtendere kapena, ngati ndinganene choncho, ku Chilengedwe cha Mtendere. "

Chiyambi ichi cha chilengedwe chiri chenicheni komanso chachilengedwe.

Kuyang'ana patsogolo, yankhani funso: "Nchiyani chomwe chinayambitsa chiyambi cha magetsi (electromagnetic) radiation?"

Zithunzi zamtunduwu zimakhala zogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu zofanana kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chimodzi chofanana (chikhalidwe chokwanira cha dziko lonse), limodzi ndi kuwonjezeka (kuchokera ku zero) kutentha.

Mkhalidwe wogwirizana (pa kubadwa kwa chilengedwe chonse chokwanira) kumachitika, mwinamwake, kutentha kwa ~ 3K kuchokera pazero zero ndipo ikuphatikizidwa ndi kuyendetsa pamagetsi chifukwa cha magetsi opangira magetsi, i.e. Zovuta, zomwe zadutsa kuchokera ku dziko lina kupita ku dziko lina. Maganizo amenewa ali ngati mawonekedwe a magetsi otentha (omwe ali ndi kutalika kwake ndi maulendo ake, malingana ndi kutentha) timayang'ana ngati mazira omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana.

Zikudziwika kuti zozizwitsa zamtundu wa radiation ndizodabwitsa kuti zimagwirizana ndi isotropic - zimadza kwa ife mofanana pambali zonse.
Chifukwa chiyani?

Funso limeneli likuyankhidwa ndi ndondomeko ya kubadwa kwa chilengedwe chokwanira.

Popeza kusintha kwa zinthu kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chofanana cha Chilengedwe cha Mtendere mpaka kulingana kwa Chilengedwe chikukula kumbali ya malire a dera la "ballooning" pansi pa zikhalidwe zomwezo, lidzakhala lofanana ndi mafunde a isotropic omwe, omwe amadzaza ndi chilengedwe chonse mosalekeza. Monga tikuonera, ma radiation ndi omwe ali ndi miyeso yofanana yomwe ikugwirizana ndi kubadwa kwa chilengedwe chathu.

Ndipo tsopano tikuganizira funso loti chifukwa chiyani mafuta aliwonse (omwe ali pansi pa zofanana) ali ndi ziwerengero zofanana, kaya ndi "electron" yaing'ono, atomu, kapena "molecule" yaikulu. Kuti tichite izi, timadziŵa kuti ndiyiti yoyenera yomwe imagwera pa chigawo chimodzi pansi pa chikhalidwe, kugawa 1m3 ndi chiwerengero cha tinthu zomwe zili mkati mwake: V = 1m3 / 2,686754 · 1025 = 37.22 · 10-27m3. Podziwa chivundikiro choyambirira pa chinthu chimodzi, timadziwa malo omwe amatha kugwira ntchito: R = 2,072 · 10-9 m.

Chifukwa chake, chinthu chimodzi chokha, akhale "electron" yaying'ono kapena "molecule" yaikulu, yomwe ili ndi liwu limodzi, kapena kuti, "katundu wachinsinsi" wa danga lofanana ndi 37.22 · 10-27 m3 ndi malo ozungulira R = 2 · 10-9 m.

Kodi izi zingamveke bwanji?

Zomwe zipangidwe zonse zimakhala ndi mfundo ndi mphamvu zokhudzana zokhudzana ndi chiyambi. Chigawo cha mndandanda wa mphamvu ndi (kwambiri ndi maulamuliro angapo) chachikulu kuposa kukula kwa mtima, i.e. Mutuwo ukhoza kuonedwa ngati mfundo pakatikati pa malo. Makhalidwe oterewa, kukula kwake kumatsimikiziridwa ndi chigawo cha mizere ya mphamvu, yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi yonse ya gasi particles ndipo ikufanana ndi ~ 2 · 10-9 m. Ndicho chifukwa chake, mumtunda wa masentimita imodzi muli ndi chiwerengero chomwecho, ngati "electron" kapena "molecule" yaikulu.

Tsopano tikudziwa kuti zonse zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito mpweya zomwe zili pansi pano zimakhala zofanana ndi 37.22 · 10-27 m3 komanso malo ozungulira ~ 2 · 10-9 m; Ndipo popeza ma atomu ali ndi tinthu ting'onoting'ono tomwe timene timakhala ndi chiwerengero chomwecho, kudziwa chiwerengero cha nkhani (mtengo umene ungapezeke m'buku lililonse pa fizikiki) ndi kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa atomu, wina akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kapangidwe kake ρ = m / v , Terengani voliyumu ndi chigawo cha atomu iliyonse.

Choncho, kwa hydrogen H2, kuchuluka kwake kuli kofanana ndi 0.0899 kg / m3, ma atomu awiri a haidrojeni ndi m = 2mp + 2me = 3,347 · 10-27kg, ndiye V = m / ρ = 37.23 · 10-27m3 ndi R = 2.071 · 10 -9m. Oxygen: Oseji O2 = 1.428 kg / m3, m = 53.5744 · 10-27 makilogalamu, kenako V = 37.55 · 10-27m3 ndi R = 2.07 · 10-9 m.

Monga momwe mukuonera, zinthu zonse za gasi zomwe zimakhala pansi pazochitika zimakhala zofanana kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zofanana. Choncho chomaliza: kuti atomu ya mankhwala ayambe kukhala mu gaseous state (pansi pa chikhalidwe), iyenera kukhala ndi mawu ofanana ~ ~ 37-27 m3 ndi malo a ~ 2 · 10-9 m. Vesi ndi mazenera amenewa ali ndi mpweya uliwonse, umene aliyense angathe kutsimikizira pochita mawerengero oyenerera.

Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti pa zinthu zakuthupi vesi la atomu liyenera kukhala laling'ono kwambiri. Kuposa mafuta, i.e. Nkhani ya mizere ya mphamvu ya kugwirizanitsa kwa atomu iyenera kukhala ndi voliyumu yaing'ono, ndipo, motero, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu.

Tiyeni tione momwe maatomu (ma molekyulu) amadzimadzi amadziŵira: bromine, mercury ndi madzi.

Bromine Br2: ρ = 3100 kg / m3, m = 133.94 · 10-27 makilogalamu, kenako V = m / ρ = 0.0432 · 10-27 mamita ndi R = 0.2177 · 10-9 m.

Mercury Hg: ρ = 13500 kg / m3, m = 336.544 · 10-27 makilogalamu, kenako V = 0.0249 · 10-27m3 ndi R = 0.1812 · 10-9m.

Madzi H20: ρ = 1000kg / m3, m = 30.1343 · 10-27 makilogalamu, kenako V = 0.03013 · 10-27 m3 ndi R = 0.1931 · 10-9 mamita.

Monga tikuonera, mu madzi, mphamvu ndi mazenera ndizochepa kwambiri kusiyana ndi mankhwala a gaseous. Mu nkhani yamadzi, nkhani ya mizere yamphamvu mu atomu (molecule) imakhala "yolemetsedwera" ku madzi ake "kusinkhasinkha", mwachitsanzo, Kwa apamwamba kwambiri.

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone chomwe chidzachitike ndi zigawo zamagulu za mankhwala a gaseous mu zinthu zosiyana ndi zachizolowezi, mwachitsanzo, Kuchokera ku Р = 101325 Pa ndi Тн = 273.16 K.

Malinga ndi malamulo a mafuta a thermodynamics, tingagwiritse ntchito equation Vh = V · Tn · P / Pn · T kuti tiwone momwe kukula kwa chigawochi chikusiyana, malingana ndi kutentha ndi kuthamanga.

Mawerengedwe amasonyeza kuti pamene kutentha kumatuluka, mphamvu ya chigawocho imakula, ndipo imachepa ndi kutentha kwake. Powonjezereka, mphamvu ya chigawocho imachepa, ndipo ikachepa, imawonjezeka, monga mwachitsanzo, bulloon yomwe imayambira ku stratosphere.

Kuchokera pa zomwe tatchulazi, mogwirizana ndi malamulo a mafuta a thermodynamics, payenera kukhalapo lamulo la chirengedwe: "Zofunikira mu chilengedwe sizikhoza kukhala popanda malo, monga malo sangathe kukhala opanda kanthu. Chofunika ndi malo ndi chimodzi. "

Tsopano tiyeni tiwone momwe mapangidwe a particles oyambirira anachitikira. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, mapangidwe oyambirira a particles-photoni anachitika chifukwa cha kusungunuka kwa mgwirizanowu (zowonjezereka) zotsutsana zapadera zonse-electron ndi positron. Danga la chilengedwe chokulitsa chinali chodzaza ndi photons, kutentha kwa sing'anga, chifukwa cha kusinthanitsa kwa milandu, kunapitirira mpaka ~ 1010K

Kufotokozera mwachidule cha photon.

Kudziwa kuti mole imodzi ya mpweya uliwonse, kuphatikizapo photon mpweya (sing'anga), imakhala ndi mpukutu womwewo, wofanana ndi 0.02241383m3 / mole ndipo ili ndi 6.02221367 · 1023 zigawo zomangamanga, tidzakhala ndi mphamvu yotenga phokoso limodzi.

V = = 0.02241383 / 6.02221367 · 1023 = 37.22 · 10-27m3 ndi malo ozungulira R = 2 · 10-9 m.

Mphuno ya photon ndi yofanana ndi magetsi awiri osakwatira mγ = 2 · mе- = 6,073 · 10-31кг. Photon ili ndi mizere ya kugwirizana kwa magetsi.

Podziwa kuti bukuli limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi photon ndi misala, timadziŵa kuchuluka kwake kwa phokoso la photon limene limadzaza malo a chilengedwe chonse chofutukuka.
Ργ = m / v = 6,073 · 10-31 / 37.22 · 10-27 = 1.63 · 10-5 makilogalamu / m3.
Izi ndi makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu zikwi zowerengeka kuposa kuwala kwa dziko lapansi.
Kuchuluka kwake kwa photon sing'onoting'ono kungathenso kuwerengedwera kuchokera ku mphamvu ya hydrogen, podziwa kuti proton ndi nthawi 1836 zolemetsa kuposa electron triplet kapena nthawi 5508 zolemerera kuposa electron e, ndiye

Ργ = ρH2 / 5508 = 0.0899 / 5508 = 1.63 · 10-5 = kg / m3.

Mapangidwe a photon akuwonetsedwa mu ndondomeko 1. (Zolinga zonse ndizovomerezeka).

Ndondomeko 1

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Pogwiritsa ntchito photons, ndi kutentha kwakukulu, palinso kuphatikiza awiri awiri a magetsi ndi positoni popanga neutrinos.

Nthano yotchedwa neutrino ndi tinthu tating'ono totseguka, zomwe sizikhala ndi ndale komanso zofanana ndi ma electron osakwatiwa.
Mapangidwe a neutrino akuwonetsedwa mu ndondomeko 2.

Sewero 2

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Powonjezera kutentha kwa ~ ~ 1011 K, zinthu zimapangidwa kuti apangidwe, kuyambira mosiyana ndi madandaulo, a particles olemera kwambiri, omwe ali magetsi ndi positron triplets.

Pulogalamu yapamwamba yamagetsi ndi tinthu tomwe timaphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa electron ndi ma positrons awiri, okhala ndi magetsi (hasi) (+ 1-1-1) = - 1 ndi magnetic interaction, omwe ali ofanana ndi masitoni atatu osakwatira (m = 9 , 1093897 · 10-31kg). Timatanthawuza tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta electron ndi chizindikiro e-D. Kupanga makompyuta katatu kumasonyezedwa mu ndondomeko 3.

Sewero 3

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Positron T - ndi tinthu popangidwa ndi kaphatikizidwe (merging) wa positron ndi ma elekitironi awiri ndi mphamvu mzere (zabwino) magetsi (+ 1 + 1-1) = + 1 ndi anzake maginito misa wofanana ndi unyinji wa triplet ya zamagetsi.

Positron triplet amaimira mauthenga + Δ.

Education positron triplet tikuonera chiwembu 4.

chiwembu 4  

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Elekitironi ndi positron anapanga atatu (chifukwa cha kufupika kwa ndondomekoyi) n'chochepa kwambiri kuposa fotoni pafupifupi 105 particles pa mita kiyubiki wa danga.

Ma elekitironi ndi positrons atatu anamaliza sitepe yoyamba ya kupanga particles yoyamba ya milandu osiyana chilengedwe chonse.

Gawo lachiwiri.

Ma elekitironi ndi positrons atatu monga particles ndi mlandu anyamata, amakakamiza 'ofooka' mogwirizana magetsi anapanga ndale triplet mayunitsi tikuonera chiwembu 5.
Ife kutanthauza ndale triplet kugwirizana chizindikiro mauthenga ° Δ

chiwembu 5
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Mapangidwe mayunitsi zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron triplet (mu kaphatikizidwe anachita) ikuchitika pa kutentha pafupifupi 1012 K, amene analenga zinthu mapangidwe mphamvu "amphamvu" maginito ankachita (yokhudza neutrinos monga particles binder) triplet neutrino unyolo tikuonera chiwembu 6.

chiwembu 6

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chakuti neutrino amamanga, kuchotsa mphamvu chonyansa, particles kungakhale (kumlingo) kuwutsata chitsanzo zotsatirazi: ngati pakati pa mizati womwewo wa maginito anaika ndale (monga neutrinos) sali nyese chitsulo mbale, mlandu zosiyana (komanso dzina yomweyo) mzati maginito adzakopedwa.

Popeza mgwirizano wa mtengo triplet mu mayunitsi a utuluke mu ginito wamagetsi fotoni sing'anga kupanga triplet-neutrino unyolo, amene akusuntha mu chilengedwe maginito, adzakhala mwauzimu zozungulira ankasinthana "kupindika" (wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza) mu tinthu spherically-ozungulira ali ngati mwauzimu ndi nyenyezi ozungulira .

Pomwepo anafunsa funso lakuti: "? Ndi tinthu" "Kodi kukula ndi kulemera adzakhala" kukula

Monga "kukula" particles monga taonera, akuthamanga pa apamwamba kutentha, choncho kuwonjezeka mu liwiro kuyenda, aliyense tinthu, ndipo pali zina kutentha pakhomo la kubadwa kwake ndi mapangidwe.

Choncho, particles akutulukira ku mlandu triplet kumaliza kukula ndi kuchuluka misa akafike liwiro komaliza wofanana ndi liwiro la kuwala, choncho pazipita kutentha pakhomo wofanana za 1013 K.

Izi tinthu chomaliza neutrons.

nyutironi Education (purotoni) mulole, mwanjira inayake poyerekeza ndi mapangidwe DNA mamolekyulu (RNA) ndi ma atomu a zinthu mankhwala. Nyutironi, pamene ife tikuwona, aumbike ku particles koyamba kwa nkhani - ndi elekitironi ndi positron atatu kuphatikiza neutrinos, ogwirizana "molekyulu" nyutironi.

Kuchokera pa zimene tatchulazi, zikhoza kapadera kuti m'chilengedwe chonse palibe wina anapanga koyamba tinthu - mphamvu Unyinji wa mphamvu ya kanthu ndi kutentha amene adzakhala wamkulu kuposa kwa chilengedwe cha nyutironi a. Onse zambiri - kapena kucheza particles kapena "makombo" adzawonongedwa, kapena kanthu particulate, wopangidwa ndi ma atomu a zinthu mankhwala.

Popeza kuti nyutironi ndi tinthu wopangidwa ndi milandu zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron triplet ndi neutrinos anatsimikizira zochita nyutironi mu purotoni kuwonongeka. Tiyeni tione mmene ndondomeko nyutironi kuwonongeka.

Choyamba, tiyeni ife kukumbukira kuti chomaliza kugwirizana triplet neutrino nyutironi unyolo ndi particles ndale mauthenga ° Δ (cm. Chiwembu 5), neutrinos ndi monga tikuonera Mapulani 6 ndi 7.

chiwembu 7

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Chiwembu 7 chikusonyeza wozungulira chomaliza cha triplet neutrino nyutironi unyolo (mpaka kuwonongeka ake). 1- triplet neutrino zigawo; 2- ndale triplet mayunitsi - imelo ° Δ; 3-binder neutrino - υ;

ndipo, - makonzedwe mzere wa "ofooka" magetsi kugwirizana elekitironi ndi positron atatu mu maulalo ndale mu unyolo.

nyutironi limawola n'kusanduka kuti purotoni mu kugunda ndi particles ozungulira a sing'anga e T, ndi neutrinos
N → P + e-Δ + υ, monga momwe schematically mu chiwembu 8.

chiwembu 8

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Chiwembu 8 limasonyeza oipa a nyutironi lapansi.

1 - anapanga purotoni P 2 - T E e, ndisungunuka udindo ndale; 3 - binder neutrino υ; ndi - ndi kungoganiza mzere "ofooka" kugwirizana magetsi elekitironi ndi positron triplet mu kugwirizana.

Monga mukuonera, yotsala ya kugwirizana - positron triplet kudziŵa mlandu zabwino purotoni lapansi. Tsopano mme- ndi pulotoni kuwonongeka.

Atadziŵa particles mkulu-mphamvu pa purotoni ndi, purotoni nyutironi limaphwasuka kusandulika mu n1, positron T + Δ mauthenga ndi neutrino υ.

P → n1 + mauthenga + Δ + υ, monga schematically taphunzira chiwembu 9.

chithunzi 9

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Chiwembu 9 chikusonyeza purotoni kuwonongeka.
1 - positron T E + Δ; 2 - neutrino υ; 3 - triplet neutrino zigawo; 4 - nyutironi, anatchulidwa monga n1¸ chizindikiro ndi nyutironi N'chapafupi pa kulemera kwa triplet ochiritsira ndi neutrinos, ndi neutrinos inalowa, monga pa kulemera kwa triplet lapansi.

Maatomu a kusintha kwa purotoni ndi mu nyutironi ndi Kuwonjezera triplet pakompyuta ndi neutrinos.

Tsopano ife tikhoza anena kuti pa kubadwa wa chilengedwe alipo atatu particles chachikulu khola zinalengedwa: ndi fotoni, nyutironi ndi neutrino. Tikumbukenso kuti mwamsanga 1940. G.Gamov wasayansi ntchito pa chiphunzitso Cosmological a "Big Bang", amaganiza kuti chilengedwe pachiyambi penipeni kuti zigwirizana kanthu koma neutrons kuti n'chiyani kugwa, iwo anayenera kuwasandutsa mapulotoni, ma elekitironi ndi antineutrinos.

Kudziwa unyinji wa thunthu, voliyumu ya danga la chilengedwe ndi nyutironi misa, tingadziwire chiwerengero cha neutrons kupangidwa, chimene chiri ~ 102 structural membala pa mita kiyubiki, nthawi 1020 zosakwana anali anapanga photons. Kulemera kwa neutrons chifukwa ndi (kwenikweni) unyinji wa nkhani m'chilengedwe ofanana 1052..1053 ~ makilogalamu (nyenyezi, nyenyezi, mlengalenga, ndi ena.).

Ikufotokoza chiwerengero cha neutrons ndi kuti kutentha pazipita kulenga nyutironi 1013 K, kutentha wa chilengedwe sing'anga anakhalabe pafupifupi mofanana mu mapangidwe fotoni 1010 K.

Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti pachiyambi panali mapangidwe nyutironi a.

Nucleation anayamba nyutironi kuyanjana ndi mphamvu elekitironi ndi positron atatu "ofooka" mogwirizana magetsi mu mayunitsi ndale triplet (onani. Chithunzi 6). (Apa, 'ofooka' mogwirizana magetsi ndi poyerekezera ndi "amphamvu" mogwirizana maginito). Ndiye, triplet mayunitsi mphamvu "amphamvu" mogwirizana maginito (ndi binder neutrino), ogwirizana mu unyolo triplet neutrino limene (mu ginito wamagetsi chilengedwe chonse) ndi nyutironi anapanga (onani. Chiwembu 7).

The neutrons chifukwa (fotoni kukhala mu chilengedwe chonse pa kutentha 1010 K) poyera kuti okwanira amphamvu particles fotoni. Energy mphamvu kanthu photonic particles (pa kutentha anapatsidwa) zinali zokwanira kuswa zinthu zosiyanasiyana za positron kugwirizana nyutironi chikugwirizana mphamvu "ofooka" mogwirizana magetsi mbali mbali kupanga purotoni ndi zouluka "makombo" - pakompyuta triplet ndi neutrinos, monga momwe chiwembu 8.

Monga yozungulira kutentha akutsikira sing'anga mphamvu photons mphamvu kanthu amakhala osakwanira kuswa ziwaloziwalo chigawo nyutironi ndi nyutironi ndondomeko kutembenuka mu purotoni ikutha.

chakuti nyutironi mayunitsi anapanga ku unyolo triplet neutrino zikutsimikiziridwa mwa Kuyanjana pakathi ndi nyutironi misa misa ya wosweka mbali, i.e. nyutironi misa wofanana ndi unyinji wa particles wosweka - purotoni triplet elekitironi ndi neutrino.

mamita (n) = mamita (p) + mamita (e-Δ) + mamita (υ), kumene
mamita (e-Δ) - misa ya elekitironi triplet (onani chithunzi 3.), umene uli wofanana ndi unyinji wa elekitironi atatu limodzi;
mamita (υ) - neutrino misa (onani chithunzi 2.) ofanana kulemera kwa ma elekitironi anayi osakwatiwa, koma MN = 1,6727 · 10-27 + 0,00213 · 10-27, amene ali pafupifupi wofanana ndi nyutironi misa (mkati yolondola metering).

Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimachitika lotsatira, nyutironi kuwola?

Neutrinos, monga tinthu ndale ndi ankalankhula mu mlengalenga. Pakompyuta triplet monga ndi tinthu electrically mlandu mchikakamizo cha mphamvu mu atomu a purotoni, adzakhala kusintha njira yodutsamo zake zozungulira ndipo ali zimayenda mozungulira purotoni ndi, potero kupanga atomu wa hydrogen. Okhutira wa hydrogen (mu purotoni nyutironi kutembenuka) asayansi kopanda anali ~ 93% m'chilengedwe oyambirira.

Ndi mapangidwe a nyutironi ndi pulotoni anamaliza gawo lachiwiri la tinthu yaikulu ya chilengedwe ndi kuyamba gawo lotsatira - siteji ya mapangidwe nyenyezi ndi chikhazikitso cha zinthu mankhwala.
Kulonga n'cigwagwa zotsatira mwachidule.

Monga mmene taonera, m'chilengedwe koyamba nkhani zinakhala moyang'anizana milandu - ma elekitironi ndi positrons.

nkhaniyi Kodi osadzuka kuchokera popanda kanthu, ndipo alibe kutha kwathunthu, icho amapatsirana boma limodzi (kupumula boma) m'dera lina (kayendedwe boma).

Kusintha mkhalidwe nkhani zoyenda limodzi ndi mapangidwe ndi tinthu choyamba - ndi fotoni. fotoni maphunziro ndi chinali chiyambi cha kubadwa wa chilengedwe chonse likukula.

Danga kuwonjezera chilengedwe uniformly (homogeneously ndi isotropically) amadzadza ndi amadzaza mu atomu kanthu (fotoni sing'anga).

Tsopano ife tikudziwa kuti thambo ndi chifukwa kusintha kwa nkhaniyi boma la mpumulo ku mkhalidwe zoyenda ake, ie, Thambo likukula likuvutika wa chilengedwe chonse, kapena, titero, mu chilengedwe mtendere.

Malo mu atomu ndipo anapanga mbali yomaliza ya Chilengedwe - ndi nyutironi. Mu oipa wa nyutironi ndi pulotoni kupangidwa, motero, oyambirira mankhwala atomu - haidrojeni.

Hayidirojeni, monga wopangidwa mwa tinthu zabwino mlandu - purotoni ndi moyipa mlandu particles - ma elekitironi, kusunthira mu malo mu atomu wa chilengedwe chonse (pansi zochita za mphamvu zake maginito) anapanga mwauzimu (zozungulira) "clumps" ndi zinthu imene inakhazikitsidwa (anapanga) nyenyezi, nyenyezi, mayiko ndi moyenera, dziko lonse mozungulira.

chiyambi ichi wa chilengedwe chonse ndi dziko, mwachibadwa zomveka.