Ethers. mbali

Ethers ndi organic zinthu, mamolekyulu kwa amene ali ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira hydrocarbon Ufumuyo atomu oxygen. Chalembedwa chiri motere: R'-O-R ", pomwe R" ndipo R 'zofanana kapena zosiyana ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira.

Ethers amatengedwa ngati ofanana nawo a alcohols. mankhwala awa ndi mayina pawiri. Iwo amagwiritsa mutu ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira (kukwera kulemera maselo) ndi zoona, mawu "mpweya" (dimethyl efa SN3OSN3, methyl ethyl efa S2N5OSN3 ndi zina zotero).

Symmetrical mankhwala R-O-R akamagwira intramolecular madzi m'thupi mowa ndi. Mu kam'bulu kamodzi, mmene kulankhulana kumachitika HA kusiyana, ndi zina - ndi C-O. Zimene tinganene kuti ngati nucleophilic M'MALO HO-gulu (mu umodzi molekyulu) gulu Ro (a molekyulu wina).

Asymmetric pawiri R-O-R 'aumbike mwa mogwirizana kwa alkoxide ndi galogenouglevodoroda.

Ethers (mosiyana alcohols awo isomeric) ndi m'munsi limatsogolera ndi kuwira mfundo. Ndi kugwirizana madzi pafupifupi sizimayenderana. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti ethers musati kupanga kumangidwa wa hydrogen chifukwa sitili mu molekyulu kumalo ozizira O-H kumangigwa.

Mankhwala ndi layamba. Iwo ali ndi luso m'munsi ayankhe kuposa alcohols.

Ethers Mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zosungunulira chifukwa cha luso lawo kupasuka zinthu zambiri organic.

The mankhwala ofunika kwambiri monga acidic zinthu heterocyclic: dioxane ndi epoxide (ethylene okusayidi).

Woyamba ndi zosungunulira wabwino. Dioxane ndi miscible ndi chimasanduka ndi madzi. Chifukwa cha makhalidwe amenewa, pawiri izi amatchedwanso "madzi organic". Dioxane ndi poizoni, koma ngozi lake lalikulu akuimira halogen dibenzoderivatives.

mapadi esters ndi mankhwala a m'malo atomu wa hydrogen magulu hydroxyl wa macromolecules mapadi ndi alkyl kapena asidi moieties. kaphatikizidwe The ikuchitika opatsa latsopano katundu ndi zinthu, makamaka solubility ndi thermoplasticity. Pamene zatsalira mmalo asidi anapanga zovuta, ndi M'MALO ndi alkyl ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira - mankhwala yosavuta.

Yokonzera m'kati acylation ndi esterification - pamene yatikhudza mapadi ndi zidulo zochita kupanga ndi organic, chlorides awo acid ndi anhydrides. Wamkulu wothandiza kufunika ksatogenatam. mankhwala awa kukonzekera mwa kuchita ndi zidulo zochita kupanga ndi ntchito mu kupanga cellophane ndi viscose ulusi. Industrial kufunika ndi mapadi ku feteleza. Iwo ntchito yopanga lacquers, mafilimu opanda utsi ufa.

Mwa mankhwala akamagwira anachita ndi organic zidulo, makampani chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mapadi acetates. Zagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza ulusi kupanga, mapulasitiki ndi filimu.

Palinso wosanganiza mapadi esters. Iwo ali zosiyanasiyana acyl ndi alkyl substituents.

Katundu wa ethers mapadi zimadalira chikhalidwe cha kwakukulu. Mtengo ndipo ali ndi digiri ya M'MALO ndi polymerization.

Zambiri otsika-mmalo mankhwala ndi sungunuka njira amadzimadzi zamchere ndi madzi. Ichi chizathandiza ntchito zawo monga thickeners ndi stabilizers mu emulsions mu mafuta pepala, nsalu, chakudya, mankhwala ndi mafakitale ena. Kwambiri mmalo esters (zovuta ndi losavuta) ndi yogwirizana ndi plasticizers. Iwo ntchito popanga za pulasitiki ndi utoto analandira.

Korona ethers ndi polyesters munali mpweya kwambiri mu mphete maatomu. Mwaukadaulo amaonedwa monga mankhwala a ethylene okusayidi tsiklooligomerizatsii. A katundu wapadera mankhwala awa ndi kuthekera kupanga maofesi ndi mchere zosiyanasiyana za zitsulo soda. maofesi awa anapanga chifukwa mogwirizana electrostatic.