Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Mwachidule yonena Butlerova AM

Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kanthawi yonena amene amapezeka pafupifupi onse mabuku zimapangidwira - wotchuka Russian sayansi, woyambitsa wa sukulu sayansi zimapangidwira organic, woyambitsa wa chiphunzitso cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic, ananeneratu ndipo anafotokoza isomerism lalikulu chiwerengero cha mankhwala organic ndi apanga ena a iwo (methenamine, formaldehyde polima ndi kulima.). Komanso, Alexander, chopereka amene sayansi kutamandidwa D. I. Mendeleev, olembedwa ntchito pa njuchi komanso ulimi.

Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich: yochepa yonena

Wasayansi tsogolo anabadwa September 15, 1828 mu banja la asilikali wakale, pa nthawi imeneyo, mwininyumba. atate wake Mikhail anali nawo 1812 nkhondo, ndipo pambuyo yosiya banja lake ankakhala makolo m'mudzi Butlerovka. Mayi, Sophia Alexandrovna, anamwalira ali ndi zaka 19, nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa kubadwa. ubwana wake anakhala mu Butlerovke Alexander ndi agogo ake malo - m'mudzi Podlesnaya Shantala, kumene azakhali pa maphunziro. Pa zaka 10 mnyamata ananditumiza payekha sukulu yogonera komweko, kumene katswiri Chifalansa ndi Chijeremani. Mu 1842, patapita moto zoyipa Kazan, bolodi chinatsekedwa ndipo Sasha umasamutsidwa ku 1 Kazan zolimbitsa thupi. kusonkhanitsa tizilombo ndi zomera, mwamphamvu chidwi umagwirira ndi ikuchitika zatsopano koyamba ku sukulu izi Butlerov. The chifukwa chakuti iwo anali kuphulika, ndipo chilango cha zimene anachitira Alexander - ". Za sayansi lalikulu" mapeto mu ozizira ndi zolengeza pachifuwa pake,

zaka wophunzira

Mu 1844, Butlerov A. M., amene yonena ndi lodzala ndi chikondi kwa zimapangidwira, anadzakhala wophunzira wa pa Yunivesite ya Kazan, yemwe anali pakati pa kafukufuku zachilengedwe sayansi. Poyamba, mnyamata adatengedwa ndi zinyama ndi zomera, koma ndiye chidwi mchikakamizo cha nkhani KK Klaus ndi N. N. Zinina kufalitsa kwa zimapangidwira. Pa malangizo awo achinyamata anakonza zasayansi kunyumba, koma mutu wa mbuye, mwina chifukwa Zinin anasamukira ku St. Petersburg, panali agulugufe.

Titamaliza mu 1849, Yunivesite ya Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich, amene apempha N. I. Lobachevsky ndi K. K. Klaus, anadzipereka kuphunzitsa ndi lecturing pa madera thupi, sayansi ndi zimapangidwira. Ndipo Alexander anali wogwira kwambiri, kutha kugwira kwathunthu omvera tcheru chifukwa cha momveka ndi rigor. Komanso nkhani pa yunivesite Butlerov lectured zilipo poyera. Izi zisudzo Kazan omvera zina amakonda yapamwamba chuma ed. Analandira digiri mbuye mu 1851, chaka chomwecho anakwatira Nadezhda Mikhailovna Glumilino - mphwanga Sergeya Timofeevicha Aksakova. Anali kufotokoza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii mu zaka 3 pa Moscow State University ya mutu wakuti "Pa mafuta zofunikira." Kenako anasankhidwa mu zapadera Kazan University, Patapita zaka zingapo pulofesa zonse zimapangidwira. Kuyambira 1860 mpaka 1863 motsutsana ndi chifuniro chake awiri kuchitanso Rector, ndi principalship anali ndi nthawi m'malo ovuta wa mbiri wa pa yunivesite: Curtin maliro ndi bezdna zipolowe kuti anakhudzidwa ophunzira ndi dongosolo professorial.

Ulendo kwa Europe

Alexander nawo mbali pa ntchito za Society Economic mzinda wa Kazan, nkhani ulimi, zomera ndi floriculture. Wambiri Butlerov Alexander Mikhailovich ali maulendo atatu kunja yoyamba zinachitika mu 1857-1858 gg. Russian wasayansi anakacheza ku Ulaya, kumene iye anali mu makampani mankhwala ndi anakumana ndi kutsogolera Laboratories mankhwala. Mu mmodzi wa iwo, mu Paris, anagwira ntchito kwa pafupifupi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich anamvetsera nkhani malingaliro otchuka European monga Becquerel, E. Mitscherlich, J. Von Liebig, Bunsen RV, ndipo anapanga pofotokoza za Friedrich August Kekule - German sayansi.

Atabwerera ku Kazan Butlerov AM, amene yonena ndi chidwi osati Russia komanso kunja, iye wotembenuka choyezera mankhwala, ndi maphunziro Anapitiriza methyl adayambira Wurtz. Mu 1858, wasayansi anatulukira njira yatsopano ya synthesizing methyl iodide, natengedwa angapo ntchito zokhudzana ayambe ofanana nawo. Mu kaphatikizidwe methylene diacetate anali formaldehyde polima - saponification mankhwala a thunthu, zotsatira za kafukufuku wawo amene anali hexamethylenetetramine ndi metileninat. Choncho, Butlerov woyamba okwana kaphatikizidwe opangidwa sweetener.

Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich: mwachidule za kupambana kwa sayansi ndi

Mu 1861 Butlerov anapanga Speyer, pa Congress madokotala German ndi asayansi, ndi nkhani "Pa kapangidwe mankhwala kanthu", ozikidwa pa ankadziwa boma zimapangidwira kunja kuwaposa mphamvu chidwi mu chikhazikitso zimapangidwira ku mfundo ongolankhula maganizo ndi mayesero ake opangidwa chifukwa cha ntchito zonse za sayansi. chiphunzitso chake, chimene m'gulu lingaliro la luntha la mapangidwe unyolo wa maatomu mpweya wa A. Cooper ndi valence A. Kekule, amayenera nyumba mankhwala mamolekyulu, ndi njira yomwe pawiri wasayansi anamvetsa maatomu pakati pawo malingana ndi ndalama zochepa mphamvu mankhwala (kuyandikana), aliyense khalidwe atomu.

zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi chiphunzitso cha Butlerov

Asayansi Russian anapeza ubwenzi wa kapangidwe ndi mankhwala katundu wa mankhwala zovuta organic kuposa kufotokoza isomerism ambiri a iwo, kuphatikizapo pentanes atatu, butanes awiri isomeric, osiyanasiyana alcohols. Komanso Butlerov chiphunzitso kunapangitsa kulosera angathe mankhwala mankhwala ndi kuwafotokoza.

Motero, chiphunzitso chake cha dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov:

• anasonyeza kulephera analipo pa ziphunzitso nthawi Chemistry;
• Anatsindika kufunika zochuluka chiphunzitso atomiki;
• kumatanthauza dongosolo mankhwala monga kufalitsa mphamvu kuyandikana wachokera maatomu, umene maatomu kumamukopa (mwachindunji kapena ayi) kwa wina ndi mzake, olumikiza mitundu mankhwala ndi;
• 8 malamulo m'badwo kumatanthauza mankhwala;
• choyamba tcheru ndi kusiyana ndi reactivities mankhwala yosiyana, chifukwa mphamvu m'munsi kapena apamwamba amene ma atomu ogwirizana, komanso tsankho kapena okwana mayunitsi zolowa kuyandikana mu kupanga kumangidwa.

sayansi Russian zamankhwala

Wambiri Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha mwachidule anafotokoza mu mabuku, ndi masiku a moyo wake ndi kupambana wamkulu mu sayansi. Chifukwa cha Russian wasayansi yaikulu chiwerengero cha zatsopano lakonzedwa kuti atsimikizire chiphunzitso chake. Scientist chisanafike apanga, kuzindikiridwa mu 1864, dongosolo la ukachenjede butyl mowa mu 1866 - isobutane, mu 1867 - isobutylene. Anaphunziranso angapo Kapangidwe ka ethylene ndi mpweya opangidwa polymerization awo.

Mu 1867-1868 gg. Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kanthawi mbiri yomwe ndi chidwi chenicheni asayansi padziko lonse, anaikidwa pulofesa wa sayansi zamankhwala pa St. Petersburg University. Kupereka timu yake ya bungwe ili, Mendeleev anatsindika m'maganizo Butlerov chiphunzitso, osati mbali ya ntchito munthu wina, koma ndi za iyeyo.

Mu 1869 Butlerov Pomalizira tinakhazikika mu St. Petersburg, pamene iye anali osankhidwa mwapadera, ndipo kenako wamba academician wa St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Nyengo ya moyo mu St. Petersburg ankachita khama kwambiri: pulofesayo anapitiriza kuyesa wake, chabwino ikukonzekera chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala, nawo moyo pagulu.

Zinthu mu moyo wa wasayansi

Mu 1873, anayamba kuphunzira mbiri ya zasayansi , ndipo lectured pa nkhani imeneyi. Ndinalemba loyamba mu mbiri ya kasamalidwe sayansi, potengera chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala - ". Kuyamba kuphunzira wathunthu zimapangidwira organic" Dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich Butlerov ndi woyambitsa wa sukulu ya akatswiri Russian, wotchedwa mwinamwake "Butlerov sukulu." Limodzi ndi phunziro zimapangidwira ndi chidwi zedi pa ulimi. Makamaka, anali ndi chidwi kulima tiyi mu Caucasus, kulima ndi njuchi. kapepala wake "Kodi galimoto njuchi" ndi "Bee, moyo wake ndi malamulo waukulu wa njuchi mwanzeru" mobwerezabwereza republished, ndi magazini "Russian njuchi pepala" monga anakhazikitsidwa mu 1886.

Mu 1880-1883 gg. Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich, kanthawi yonena kuti muli ndi chidwi ndi zofunika kwa sayansi, anali pulezidenti wa Russia Physico-luso ammudzi. Mu nthawi yomweyo, wasayansi kwambiri ndipo chidwi zamizimu, amene anakumana chuma Aksakov mu 1854. Kenako, sayansi Russian kugwirizana ndi msuweni mkazi wake Aksakovym A. N., lofalitsidwa ndi Journal a zamizimu "Psychical Research" ndipo anasiya kumbuyo pamaso kumudzudzula anzake ndi abwenzi zowawa zake.

Phindu la ntchito za Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha mu umagwirira

The yosiya a Alexander amachoka mu 1875, patatha zaka 25 mu utumiki. Bungwe la St. Petersburg University anacoka kawiri mawu a zaka 5. Nkhani yomaliza Aleksandra Mihaylovicha Butlerova unachitikira March 14, 1885. Thanzi lake analephera, kuonongedwa ndi kwambiri ntchito sayansi ndi zinthu zosangalatsa: zonse Butlerof mwadzidzidzi anafa pa chuma cha August 5, 1886. Katswiri m'manda m'mudzi manda mbadwa Butlerovki, tsopano otha ntchito ojambulira, mu nyumba yopemphereramo banja.

Butlerova ntchito pa moyo analandira ankazindikira lonse, sukulu ya sayansi amati ndi mbali ya chitukuko zimapangidwira mu Russia, ndi mbiri Butlerova Aleksandra Mihaylovicha ndi chidwi chenicheni kwa masikolala ndi ophunzira. Alexander yekha anali wokongola kwambiri ndi ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana mwamuna ndi sociable, n'ngozindikira abwino chikhalidwe ndi kudzichepetsa mtima kwa ophunzira.