Wambiri Butlerova Aleksandra ndipo anathandiza sayansi

Wambiri Butlerova chimene mudzakhoza chiyani m'nkhani ino, tingadziwe kukhazikitsidwa kwa chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala. Lero chiphunzitso ndi maziko a sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha mankhwala.

Butlerova yonena kumayambira 1828, pamene kamudzi Butlerovke ili kutali na Kazan anabadwa Alexander. Chochitika zinachitika mu dzina la atate wake.

Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich: ubwana

Alexander sanakumbukire mayi ake pamene iye anafa masiku 11 pambuyo pa kubadwa kwa mwana wake. Bambo ake anali munthu wophunzira, ndipo wasayansi tsogolo ankafuna momuzungulira ngati. Poyamba, mnyamata anapita ku sukulu yogonera komweko, ndipo kenako anayamba kuphunzira pa Choyamba Kazan zolimbitsa thupi. Sukuluyi anali aphunzitsi odziwa kwambiri amene anatha kupanga chidwi nzika zawo. Alexander kuphunzira zinali zosavuta, makamaka anakopeka sayansi wake.

Makalasi pa yunivesite ya Kazan, kusamukira ku Kazan

Mosiyana ndi pempho la atate wake, atangotsiriza sukulu yapamwamba, Alexander anaganiza kukhala wophunzira wa sayansi dipatimenti ya University of Kazan. Chaka chotsatira, mu 1845-m, iye anavomereza kuti chaka choyamba. Panthawi imeneyi, mnyamatayo anali ndi zaka 17.

Wambiri Butlerova kupereka mu 1846 chochitika zosasangalatsa - iye anadwala ndi Nthenda yofanana ndi tayifodi. Man mozizwitsa anapulumuka, koma bambo anga, amene anali akutsogoleredwa ndi iye, anafa. Butlerof yophukira anasamukira ndi azakhali ake Kazan. Pa yunivesite anaphunzira mwakhama, koma posakhalitsa ndinazindikira kuti koposa zonse amakonda nkhani zasayansi. Iwo sunawakhutitse nkhani ya Professor Claus, choncho anayamba m'kalasi, zimene zinachititsa Nikolay Nikolaevich Zinin. Last maso pa zasayansi ntchito kwa Alexander anaona kuti wamphatso.

Chitetezo cha ntchito phungu

Pakuti digiri mbuye Alexander maphunziro yunivesite zolembera nkhani yolembedwa. Zinin nthawi imeneyi anapita ku St. Petersburg ku Kazan. Choncho, Alexander anali kulimbana ndi sayansi ya zachilengedwe. Wakonzera ntchito yake PhD nkhani yakuti "agulugufe ya zinyama Volga-Ural". Koma patapita kanthawi zochitika wotere kuti Butlerof akadali anabwerera zimapangidwira.

Ntchito University of Kazan

Pambuyo mumapezera digiri, Alexander ntchito pa University Kazan. Klaus yekha pulofesa wa sayansi zamankhwala, sanathe yokha kugwira ntchito zonse ndi zofunika mthandizi amene anakhala Alexander. Butlerof chaka cha 1850 Mwapambana mayeso ndipo anakhala katswiri wa zasayansi. Iye anayamba kugwira ntchito pa zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii pa nkhani ya mafuta n'kofunika. Butlerov kumbuyo ntchito kumayambiriro a chaka chamawa. Pamodzi ndi yokonza nkhani Alexander ndawala Kuphunzira bwinobwino za mbiri zimapangidwira.

Butlerof nerd

Wambiri Butlerova chidwi osati akatswiri, komanso botanists. Alexander imachitika zatsopano mu greenhouses awo amene anali Butlerovke ku Kazan. Analembanso nkhani pa floriculture, horticulture ndi ulimi Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Photos chipilala kuti Alexander ili Kazan, pafupi yunivesite, ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

Digiri, ulendo kunja zopereka umagwirira

Butlerof June 4, 1854 analandira digiri mu sayansi zimapangidwira. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake, anaikidwa akuchita pulofesa zimapangidwira ku University mbadwa zake Kazan. Butlerof chiyambi cha 1857 iye anali kale pulofesa. Mu chaka chomwecho, m'chilimwe, analandira chilolezo kupita ku ulendo kunja.

Mu Berlin Alexander ku chilimwe. Patapita kanthawi iye anapita pa ulendo Germany, Italy, Switzerland ndi France. Paris cholinga chachikulu cha ulendo. Pa nthawi imeneyo ilo linali likulu dziko phunziro zimapangidwira. Butlerova anakopeka makamaka kukumana ndi Adolf Wurtz. Zasayansi wake, ankagwira miyezi 2 dzina lake Aleksandr Butlerov. Sayansi, anayamba kuchita zinthu zatsopano awo pano. Patapita nthawi, kafukufuku zidapatsa zipatso zoyambirira. Pa zaka 20, anatsegula ambiri zochita ndi zinthu Alexander Butlerov. Muzipereka kwa zosiyanasiyana wakhala yaikulu. Komanso, anachita syntheses labwino la ethylene ndi Mowa, alcohols ukachenjede, dinzobutilena, trioxymethylene, hexamine ali pa chiyambi cha angapo mafakitale. Ali ndi wapaulendoyo pa chitukuko. Monga mukuonera, ambiri a sayansi ndi makampani anapanga Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Kukwaniritsa n'zovuta Musaone. Tsopano ndikuwuzani za chiphunzitso analengedwa ndi sayansi imeneyi.

chiphunzitso Butlerova

Butlerof kuphunzira chimasanduka, ndinazindikira kuti ndi gulu osiyana mankhwala. Scientist kupenda katundu wawo ndi dongosolo, kusunga malamulo okhwima, amene anapanga maziko a chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala, zidalengedwa mwa iye.

Butlerova mbiri ya Paris Academy of Sciences, anali moni ndi chidwi. Anayamba kutsutsana mumangidwa. Patapita zaka zingapo, pa maulendo 2 kunja, Alexander anapereka maganizo akewo. Iye anapereka ulaliki pa 36 msonkhano wa madokotala ndi asayansi Speyer unachitika mu September 1861 Butlerov lipoti lake pa "Chinachake za dongosolo mankhwala matupi." Scientist anayambitsa omvera analenga chiphunzitso chatsopano cha kapangidwe ka mankhwala organic. Iye ananena kuti aliyense atomu kuti ndi mbali ya thupi unkagwira ntchito mwachindunji mapangidwe ake ndi kumachita ndi mphamvu umalimbana maatomu ozungulira izo. Ndi chifukwa cha kukhudzana izi maatomu kumumanga kuti molekyulu mitundu mankhwala a. Iye adayitana Kapangidwe ka kugawa ntchito mphamvu zimenezi, imbaenda ku lumikiza wa maatomu mankhwala. Choncho, particles gulu ndi mankhwala maziko potsata chikhalidwe cha zigawo, mankhwala malamulo ndi kuchuluka kwawo.

Onani kuti pamaso Butlerova anakumana mu mabuku, mawu akuti "dongosolo mankhwala ndi". Komabe, wasayansi anayamba kupendanso ntchito kutifotokozera yachilendo. Chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala ndi maziko a nthambi zonse zimapangidwira ano kupanga.

Kupeza trimethyl carbinol

Chaka kwambiri m'moyo akhoza ankaona Butlerova 1863rd anali kuchita acetyl mankhwala enaake dimethylzinc, wasayansi kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri walandira ukachenjede butyl mowa, mwinamwake kudziwika monga trimethyl. Mu mabuku, posachedwapa kenako anauzidwa kaphatikizidwe wa alcohols butyl, pulayimale ndi sekondale. Isobutyl mowa wakhala kudziwika kwa asayansi kuyambira 1852. Ndiyeno woyamba olekanitsidwa masamba mafuta. Tsopano, funso zingakhale za mkangano uliwonse, chifukwa panali 4 butyl mowa, omwe anali isomer. Zinali kupambana kwenikweni kwa chiphunzitso structural.

chiphunzitso tautomerism

Pakuti nthawi kuchokera 1862 mpaka 1865 lokhudza malo zofunika anasonyeza Butlerov chiphunzitso chatsopano tsopano kusintha isomerization tautomerism. Mlembi wake ankaganiza kuti limagwirira wa pogawanikana pamawere kukhala ndi dongosolo lomwelo la mamolekyulu ndi kusakaniza iwo ndi zotsala za mapangidwe tinthu latsopano ndi dongosolo losiyana. Wasayansi analankhula za kufunika kogwiritsa ntchito njira mankhwala njira zazikulu. M'mawu ena, iwo ayenera kutengedwa ngati mgwirizano. yonena Alesandro ngati chiphunzitso wolemba tautomerism anazindikira ngakhale Peter Laar, ndi German sayansi, amene anayambitsa mawu akuti "tautomerism".

Phunziro mu Chemistry

Tsopano Butlerova ntchito kugwiritsa ntchito chiphunzitso chakuti structural ali poyerekezera ndi mankhwala onse ndi zochita zimapangidwira organic, komanso kulenga buku latsopano zasayansi organic. Mu buku la zochitika zonse tiyenera kuziganizira mwa prism ya chiphunzitso analenga. Pafupifupi 2 zaka Butlerov ntchito pa chilengedwe chake. Atatu zimatulutsa (mu nthawi kuchokera 1864 mpaka 1866), bukhu ndi Alexander M. "Kuyamba phunziro wathunthu zimapangidwira organic." Ndi kwambiri kuposa chilichonse anthu pa nthawi ya mabuku. Butlerova ntchito kwachititsa kusintha sayansi. Kale mu 1867 tinayamba kukonzekera kutembenuza ndi kufalitsa buku ili German. Ndiye panali mabaibulo m'zinenero zina ikuluikulu ku Ulaya.

Mpumulo Butlerovke ntchito pa St. Petersburg University

Nditamaliza ntchito pa buku zambiri anali mu chikhalidwe chake Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. banja lake kangapo pa mlungu, kuno. Mwana wamng'ono, Volodya, yemwe ali ndi zaka 2, ankakonda kusewera pa dambo ndi, inali pafupi ndi nyumbayo. Ndinkakonda mpumulo kuno ndi Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Zosangalatsa za iye monga chilakolako maluwa kulima ndi chilengedwe cha zopereka tizilombo.

Butlerov tsopano nthawi yochepa labu, iye anatsatira atulukira asayansi. Pa njira imene Mendeleev, ndi sayansi wotchuka, m'chaka cha 1868 Alexander anaitanidwa kukagwira ntchito ku St. Petersburg University. Apa adayamba wophunzitsa, komanso bungwe mankhwala ake zasayansi. Asayansi analenga njira yatsopano ya chiphunzitso. Iye akufuna zasayansi kuchita, tsopano ambiri atsopano. Ophunzira m'kalasi kuphunzira zida mankhwala.

Kupeza isobutylene

Butlerof anapitiriza kufufuza anayamba chiphunzitso structural. Iye ankafuna kutsimikizira kuti molunjika ndi nthambi mpweya unyolo mukhoza kukhala nayo mitundu yonse ya mankhwala organic. kopanda Izi zimayambira pa chiphunzitso chake. Komabe, kunali kofunika kutsimikiziranso kuchita. Pomaliza, khama la Alexander zinalephera. Iye analandira isobutylene yaitali. Choncho, pamaso pa nthambi-unyolo hydrocarbon zatsimikiziridwa.

KUKHALA NAWO PA cikhalidwe wa St. Petersburg

Butlerov, kuwonjezera kufufuza ntchito, ndi kukhala wochitachita mu cikhalidwe likulu Russian. Progressive gulu la nthawi makamaka nkhawa nkhani ya maphunziro akazi. Kunali koyenera kuti akazi ndi mwayi wamaphunziro apamwamba. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mankhwala ndi opaleshoni sukulu unakhazikitsidwa ku University Akazi. Komanso, panali bungwe Bestuzhev maphunziro akazi, amene Alexander anapereka nkhani yake zasayansi.

Umembala mu Academy of Sciences

ntchito za sayansi iyi anali kupereka mwa Academy of Sciences. Butlerov anasankhidwa mu 1871 zapadera academician, ndipo patapita zaka 3 - ndiponso anthu wamba. Chifukwa cha izi, iye anafika nyumba nyumba wokwatibwa ndi sukulu ya. Apa iye ankakhala ndi Zinin Nikolai Nikolaevich. Long-ataima naye pa ubwenzi wakhala zina analimbitsa umakhala pafupi.

Zaka zomalizira za moyo wake

Moyo ndi ntchito ya Aleksandra Butlerova mpaka zaka zaposachedwapa n'zogwirizana ndi sayansi. Koma zaka zapita ndi kalasi ndi ophunzira anakhala wolemera kwambiri Butlerova. Wasayansi anaganiza zochoka ku yunivesite. Iye anawerenga yotsanzika nkhani 4 April 1880 chisankho Izi anakumana ndi anakhumudwa kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti bungwe sayansi anafunsa kukhala Alesandro. Iye anasankhidwa kwa zaka 5.

Butlerov kuchepetsa ntchito za yunivesite. Iye kuwerenga kokha njira yaikulu, ndipo kangapo pamlungu anakhala mu magawo labu. August 5, 1886 anamwalira mtima occlusions Butlerov dzina lake Aleksandr Mihaylovich. Photos Chapel pa manda Butlerova anapereka pamwamba.