Biocoenosis - mndandanda wa zinthu zogwirizana moyo

Biocoenosis - ndi mbiri gulu zomera, nyama, bowa ndi tizilombo zokhala malo amodzi (gawo dziko kapena madzi). Biocenoses anapanga kaya mwa okha kapena mutamwa munthu.

Biocenosis, monga akuti anamuuza Karl Mobius m'zaka 19. Kupezeka kwa biocenosis zingadziŵike mwa chilengedwe ndi thupi mbali linalake. Zikuchokera, kapangidwe, zachilengedwe mdera, ntchito yake zimadalira zosiyanasiyana zinthu, kuyambira nyengo ndi kutsiriza ndi kapangidwe wa nthaka. M'madera osiyana kapangidwe ndi makhalidwe biocenosis osiyana.

biocenosis iliyonse - posakaniza zachilengedwe zimene zikuchokera yeniyeni. Choncho, tiyeni tinene, biocenose rainforest adzakhala osiyana kwambiri kwa chipululu, ndiko kuti, chiwerengero cha mitundu ya otentha m'dera zachilengedwe zambiri yaikulu kuposa mu chipululu. Mapangidwe zikuchokera mitundu biocenosis ali nawonso anakopeka ndi zinthu zakale. Mwachitsanzo, madera akuluakulu ndi ambiri mitundu kuposa achinyamata.

Layering (okhudza malo kapangidwe biocenosis) - choimirira dongosolo phytocenosis m'madera mobisa ndi pamwamba. Kapangidwe biocenosis ali chigawo lapadziko ndi mobisa. tiers onse biocenosis ndi makhalidwe osiyana: zachilengedwe, zamaluwa, etc. morphological longline ofotokozedwa bwino mu nkhalango, kumene anapereka ..:

• mtengo wosanjikiza;
• zitsamba;
• chitsamba chilichonse udzu;
• gawo la ndere ndi lichens.

Ndi nambala ya biocenoses tiers ndi:

• yosavuta;
• zovuta.

Biocoenosis - ndi zovuta za zamoyo, imene pali kulimbikira kugwirizana, wotchedwa trophic kapena chakudya. Kuchokera pa iwo, kupanga za magetsi dera. Trophic zachilengedwe dongosolo m'dera adzatenge maonekedwe limasonyeza chakudya milandu aja kumene zamoyo za mitundu kudyetsedwa ndi thupi la mtundu wina kapena mankhwala kagayidwe kachakudya awo. kugwirizana amatchedwa mwachindunji kapena mozungulira. Molunjika nsinga anapanga chifukwa mayamwidwe thupi mtundu umodzi wa oimira wina. kugwirizana sitipereka anapanga chifukwa cha zamoyo mpikisano mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya chakudya.

Biocoenosis - zimasintha dongosolo. Zimakhala zimasintha yaitali mbali imodzi, zimene zimachititsa kuti ziŵalo zizindikiro, ndiponso angachititse panafunika wina kwa biocenosis wina. Zimenezi amatchedwa motsatizana. Kutsatizana anawagawa pulayimale ndi sekondale. kutsatizana chachikulu angabuke zina asezare pamaso biocoenosis iliyonse. kutsatizana Secondary yanthanda pa malo biocenoses atasowa kapena kuwonongedwa. Mapeto a moyo phytocenosis otchedwa kusintha. Kutsatizana akhoza lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu mitundu zotsatirazi:

• syngenesis (kusintha anachititsa ngati zomera chifukwa vzaimovozdestviya);
• endoekogenez (kusintha kofunika chotsatira chenicheni cha phytocenosis);
• ekzoekogenez (kusintha chifukwa cha zochita za zinthu zina zachilengedwe kwa phytocenosis).

Mitundu Data nayenso anawagawa:

• climatogenic;
• edafogennye;
• zoogenic;
• anthropogenic.

Chotengeka suksessy khola phytocoenosis mwina kuchepetsedwa kapena kupangidwa kapena, Tikawonetsetsa kuti amayambiranso.

Mfundo yaikulu ya chilengedwe chifukwa cha mabacteria kulekana mu kufalitsa kutentha yozungulira ndi kuchuluka kwa mpweya. Ndi kuwonjezeka mtunda kuchokera equator pali kusintha kwa mabacteria achilengedwe. Mu malo achilengedwe pali zotsatira, wotchedwa extrazonal ndi intrazonal, amene anatsimikiza ndi chikoka cha zimachititsa chilumbachi, mbali hydrological ndi zinthu zina.

Ena olemba amaumirira chakuti pakati pa magulu chomera pali malire. Koma pali maganizo kuti zomera ali ndi kupitiriza ena.