Kodi "Chikhalidwe" inatero? The phindu ndi tanthauzo la "golide ulamuliro"

Bukuli linapangidwa ndi anzeru wotchuka ndi aphunzitsi kalelo, komanso panopa apakhungu kwambiri. "The golide ulamuliro wa khalidwe" analanda mabuku mfundo za makhalidwe abwino poyerekezera ndi munthu wina monga mbali ya vuto lililonse othandiza. Limagwirira ntchito zonse zimene zikukhudza ndi anthu.

ndi "Chikhalidwe" n'chiyani?

Ndi pano, popanda kukokomeza, aliyense zipembedzo alipo mu njira ina. "Ulamuliro Golden" - ndi lofunika ovomerezeka kuwalitsa kuitana makhalidwe abwino. Nthawi amaona lofunika, zofunika za choonadi. Ulamuliro pansi pa kuganizira makhalidwe abwino ati, "Musati muchite ena zimene simukufuna kuchita kwa inu» (Quod tibi fieri sanali vis alteri NE feceris).

Ndende ya nzeru ali chinthu chimodzi cha osatha chinyezimiro abwino.

mfundo mbiriyakale za malamulo malipoti

Anaonekeranso masiku ake m'ma 1 zikwi. BC. e., pamene zimapita a anthu kulanda boma. "Gold" udindo izo amamuonera m'zaka XVIII.

Amadziwika kuti kale mu m'madera onsewo ndi za mwambo wa magazi chilango - talion (malipiro, zofanana ndi upandu). Iye analimbikitsa mtundu wa limiter udani pobereka, lamulo wankhanza chofunika chilango ofanana.

Pamene unagona mafuko anayamba kutha, panali vuto magawano momveka, kulankhula, ena ndipo awo. zikulumikizana Economic kunja ammudzi anali imakhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa zimakhalira pachibale.

Mwamsanga m'dera adafunafuna si amene amachititsa misdeeds la Mkhristu aliyense payekha. Pa nkhani imeneyi, Taleon wotaya mogwira mtima, ndipo pali kufunika kupanga mfundo zatsopano zonse ubale lotha popanda amayanjana mafuko. Mfundo imeneyi inali ulamuliro: "Kuchitira anthu njira mukufuna kuti akuchitireni."

Decoding malamulo zikuyenela

limodzi kugwirizana wamba alipo mu formulations zosiyanasiyana - "ena". Zimatanthauza munthu (wapafupi kapena wachibale, mnzanga kapena mlendo).

Mtengo wa "golide ulamuliro" - pa pazikhala kufanana kwa anthu onse ndi zonse ufulu awo ndi mwayi kusintha. Ndi mtundu wa kulingana ndi nkhani za makhalidwe abwino kwambiri ndi mfundo akadakwanitsira khalidwe.

Ngati mudzapempha funso, "" Chikhalidwe "-? Ndichiyani" Yankho sayenera kuwulutsa izo ndafunsira kutanthauzira, ndi mumtima nthanthi nzeru, amene anabwera naye kwa udindo wa "golide".

Choncho, ulamuliro koyenela kumafuna kuzindikira pasadakhale munthu aliyense payekha zotsatira za zochita anachita ndi m'tsogolo poyerekezera ndi munthu wina kudzera ziyerekezo nokha m'malo mwake. Baibulo limatiphunzitsa kuti anthu ena yekha.

Anthu ena zimaonekera?

Pa nthawi yomweyo (koma payekhapayekha mnzake) "Golden ulamuliro khalidwe" anawonekera Hindu, ndi Chibuda ndipo Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu ndi Chisilamu, komanso chikumbumtima ndi nzeru zaumunthu ziphunzitso (konfutsianstve). Mmodzi wa formulations ndi n'zotheka kuona mu "Mahabharata" (mawu a Buddha).

Amadziwika kuti Confucius, atafunsidwa wophunzira ake ngati pali mawu akanawathandiza moyo wake onse, anati: "Mawu amenewa -" Reciprocity ". Musati muchite ena zimene simukufuna kuti aganizire. "

Mu zachigiriki kumachitika mu Homer tingachipeze powerenga "Odyssey" mu prose ntchito za Herodotus "History", komanso ziphunzitso za Socrates, Aristotle, Hesiod, Plato, Thales la Mileto ndi Seneca.

Mu Baibulo, lamulolo otchulidwa kawiri: mu ulaliki wa paphiri (Mt 7:12; Lk 3:31, uthenga ..) Ndipo mu kukambirana ndi atumwi a Yesu Khristu.

Mu "Sunnah" (mawu a Muhammad) "Chikhalidwe" limati: ". Kodi anthu onse amene mukufuna, kotero amuna, ndi kusachita ena zimene inu simukanati mukufuna okha"

Mawu a "golide ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino"

M'mbuyomu kuyesa m'kagulu ndipamene zinalengedwa malinga ndi muyezo zokongoletsa kapena chikhalidwe.

Choncho, German nzeru zapamwamba Hristian Tomazy kuzindikiridwa njira zitatu za ulamuliro, motero delimiting kuchuluka kwa malamulo, makhalidwe ndi ndale, zomwe zimatchedwa mfundo za malamulo, khalidwe labwino ndiponso ulemu.

Iwo ali motere.

1. Mfundo kumanja philosophically limasonyeza ngati chofunikira kuti munthu ayenera kuchita mwachibale kwa ena kuti amafuna kupanga poyerekezera yekha.
2. Mfundo ukali ankayimiridwa ngati pempho koyenela kuti munthu anapangidwa kwa phunziro lina kuti adzakhala okonzeka kuchita izo.
3. Kulemekeza mfundo chaululidwa chakuti munthu nthawi zonse anachita zonse kwa anthu ena momwe iye anafuna kuchita motsutsana naye.

German kafukufuku G. M'bale Reiner adati mawu atatu "malamulo zagolidi 'zimene zafala ndi pamwambapa ankaona kumasulira kwake (H. Tomasi).

• Chiphunzitso choyamba - lamulo limeneli la kumverera, lomwe limati: "(Sichoncho) chiyani anthu ena zimene (osati) ndikufuna nokha."
• The chachiwiri - ulamuliro wa kudziyimira pawokha ndi: "(Iye) kuchita izo nokha kuti inu kupeza (sichoncho) zotamandika wina."
• Chachitatu - ndi reciprocity muno: "Kodi (osati) ndikufuna kuti poyerekezera ndi inu munali anthu (osati) ngakhale momwemo inu kwa iwo."

"Golden ulamuliro" mu miyambi, ndi mawu

Izi ovomerezeka abwino mwamphamvu zinazika mizu mu chikumbumtima pagulu la anthu makamaka mu mawonekedwe a m'nthano.

Mwachitsanzo, tanthauzo la "golide ulamuliro" umaonekera angapo miyambi Russian.

1. "Kodi wina sakonda, ndi kuti sanachite."
2. "Musati kukumba dzenje ndi mzake - iye kulowa."
3. "Monga kuitanako, kotero Echo."
4. "Kodi kufuula mu nkhalango ndi m'nkhalango amamuthandiza."
5. "Kodi anthu mukufuna, ndiye iye gettin.
6. "Musati malobvu bwino - kukhala madzi akumwa."
7. "Kuchita anthu oipa, lekani dikhira kuti iwo chabwino" ndipo ena.

Choncho, "Chikhalidwe" mu miyambi, ndi mawu nthawi zambiri kulola ntchito m'moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndipo anadutsa ku mibadwomibadwo mu mawonekedwe a saiwalika folklore.

"Daimondi ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino"

Ndi womuyenerera kwa "golide" takambiranawa. Nthaŵi zambiri chimatchedwa daimondi chifukwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwanjira linali kuimira umunthu, omwe ndi wapadera za mtundu wake.

Choncho, monga poyamba ananena, "Chikhalidwe" limati: "Usachite ena zimene simukufuna kuchita kwa inu." "Daimondi" komanso anawonjezera kuti: "Chita zimene palibe wina koma inu." Apa cholinga ndi pa phindu abweretsa (kwambiri mwakukonda kwanu kwa munthu weniweni) kuti pazipita zotheka chiwerengero cha anthu.

Mu mawu ena, "diamondi golide ulamuliro" limati: "Act kotero kuti luso lanu kwambiri kutumikira Chosowa chachikulu ena." Ndi kupambana kwa munthu (nkhani ya kanthu koyenela) mtima muyezo konsekonse.

Choncho, ngati "Chikhalidwe" - ndi kusintha kwa nkhaniyi mu chinthu (ziyerekezo maganizo kusadzidalira mnzake ndipo sadziwa kukana kuchita zimene sindimakonda ndekha), "Daimondi" ovomerezeka, Komano, allocates izo sizingakhoze kuchepetsedwa pansi kulingalira za phunziro la makhalidwe kanthu chandamale chinthu, komanso wapadera ake ndi payekha.

"Golden ulamuliro" chinthu chidwi akatswiri

English zakuthupi nzeru zapamwamba Thomas Hobbes touted monga maziko a malamulo a chilengedwe, amene amagwira nawo ntchito yofunika kwambiri miyoyo ya anthu. N'zosavuta kumvetsa ndi aliyense. ulamuliro Zimenezi zimathandiza kuchepetsa zonena zaumwini wodzikonda ndipo motero kulenga maziko a umodzi wa anthu onse mu dziko.

The English nzeru zapamwamba Dzhon Lokk sanamvere "golide ulamuliro wa makhalidwe abwino" monga chinthu chibadwire yopatsidwa kwa munthuyu, ndipo Komano, ananena kuti kufanana chilengedwe cha anthu onse kuwonjezekeredwa mu maziko ake, ndipo ngati iwo akudziwa pogwiritsa ntchito mabuku ovomerezeka, lidza- ukoma anthu.

The German nzeru zapamwamba Immanuel Kant ndi wofunika kwambiri kwa mawu mwambo wa ovomerezeka. Malinga ndi iye, "Chikhalidwe" maonekedwe zolaula kukhala kosatheka kuti aone mlingo wa chitukuko koyenela wa munthu: munthuyo amanyalanyaza makhalidwe abwino poyerekezera yekha kapena kutenga maganizo odzikonda (ine tiyeni mumakhala, saletsa, ndi mungandiuze) . Pamafunikanso chikhumbo cha munthu mu makhalidwe ake abwino. Komabe, izi zilakolako, zilakolako ndi maloto Nthawi zambiri munthu akapolo ndi chikhalidwe chake ndi kwathunthu kudula makhalidwe - ufulu wa anthu.

Komabe, ndi kuyesetsa categorical wa Immanuel Kant (chapakati mfundo za ziphunzitso koyenela) amachita basi nthanthi mafotokozedwe a ovomerezeka alipo. Malinga Kant, ndi "Chikhalidwe" limati: "Act kotero kuti limakhulupirira mwa chifuniro chanu kuti nthawi zonse kukhala maziko a malamulo konsekonse." Mu tanthauzo limeneli, nzeru zapamwamba German amayesetsa, titero, kutseka ndi loophole ngakhale kwambiri zazing'ono kudzikonda anthu. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti zilakolako anthu ndi zilakolako sayenera m'malo woona koyenela kuchita zinazake. Munthu amachititsa zotheka zotsatira za zochita zawo.

Awiri zidzachitike koyenela anthu kukhalanso mu mawu a nzeru zamakono European

Munthu loyamba muli ngati munthu chikhalidwe cha anthu amene umamvera makhalidwe ochiritsira.

Masiku chachiwiri lolunjika pa kumvetsetsa woimira anthu, monga munthu, ndi lolingana wokhala abwino (kukumbukira kukhwima kukhulupirika actualization, individualization kuzindikira mzimu mkati ndi T. D.) Ndipo makhalidwe monga njira kulola kuti akafike kulima lamkati.

Ngati masiku ano kwa anzeru akuti: "Kunena" Chikhalidwe "," yankho si muyezo wa chiphunzitso chake ndi motsindika chozama pa ankamuona munthu kumachita monga phunziro la kanthu abwino.

Kugwa kwa mlingo abwino anthu masiku ano

Dera wauzimu anthu padziko lonse kuyambira chiyambi cha m'ma XX kwadzaoneni kwambiri. Ichi ndi chifukwa malo wamphamvu lero mavuto azachuma ndi okhudzidwa nkhani maganizo ndi ndale (pafupifupi chilichonse chimene anthu Cholinga chake ndi kudzikundikira chuma makamaka).

Mu mpikisano zonse chuma anthu ananyalanyaza zinthu zauzimu, ndinasiya kuganiza za mkati kudziletsa kusintha, anayamba kunyalanyaza mbali koyenela zochita zawo. Zotsatira anatuluka kuyambira cha m'ma XIX. Ngakhale F. M. Dostoevsky analemba za chilakolako ponseponse ndalama, anagwidwa ndi anthu a imeneyo (kuposa zaka zapitazo) uchitsiru ( "The chitsiru").

Anthu ambiri aiwala, ndipo ambiri sakudziwa kuti "Chikhalidwe" States.

The chifukwa cha njira zikuchitika pa nthawi ino, akhoza stagnation mu chitukuko cha chitukuko kapena chisinthiko ikayamba amaima.

A mbali yofunika kwambiri makhalidwe zikutha wa anthu ndi abwino kwa Russia ndi Germany ankaimba mfundo zogwirizana kuti anatuluka mu zigawo zake zonse, mu nthawi ya kudza kwa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks ndi Anazi, motero.

Low koyenela mlingo wa anthu, monga ulamuliro, bwino olembedwa mu mphindi yovuta kwa mbiri (zisinthe, boma ndi Interstate nkhondo, kusakhazikika kwa anthu, ndi zina zotero. D.). Zitsanzo ndi kuyan'anila kwadalako miyezo koyenela ku Russia pa Civil nkhondo, pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World (1939-1945 gg.), Mu nthawi ya mafakitale Stalin (20-30-ntchentche.) Ndipo (1918-1921). masiku ano, mu mawonekedwe a "mliri" wochita zachiwawa. Zochitika zonsezi zinachititsa kuti chifukwa chimodzi zoopsa - imfa ya ambiri anthu osalakwa.

mbali Moral zambiri si n'komwe mu zochita nkhani boma pa kuthamanga a za chuma, chikhalidwe, za ulimi ndi mafakitale kusintha (zambiri zotsatira - zoipa zotsatira za chilengedwe).

Current vuto siili m'dziko lathu pafupifupi m'madera onse a moyo wa anthu - ndi mwachindunji chifukwa cha zolakwa za boma ulemu mlingo wogwila koyenela ya anthu pa nthawi ya chisankho chotsatira boma.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa aona kuwonongeka kwa zinthu wachifwamba dziko lathu chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha kupha, mwambo ndipo makamaka wankhanza, kuvutitsa, kuba, kugwiririra, ziphuphu, vandalism, etc. zonsezi zambiri salangidwa chifukwa kuchuluka utachepa milandu anathana ...

Chitsanzo chidwi mwa chisokonezo ndi chisokonezo umene uli panopa dziko lathu, amachita nkhani zokopa zimene zinachitika mu 1996, anthu awiri anamangidwa chifukwa kuchita kuba ku Nyumba ya boma la Russia a katoni, imene hafu miliyoni madola anali. Posakhalitsa adalandira mawu boma chakuti mwiniwake wa ndalama silinafike, mogwirizana ndi zimene mlandu chinatsekedwa ndipo kufufuza kutsazikana. Zigawenga yomweyo kukhala "opindula wa State", monga likukhalira, anapeza "chuma", ndi kutilanda ndalama anatumizidwa kwa chuma cha boma.

Aliyense akudziwa kuti mwini anapeza ndalama pochita katangale, mwinamwake iye nthawi yomweyo kugona amati iwo. Pankhaniyi, ofesi wozenga mlandu anali kuchita ndi kufufuza kuti akaone gwero la kuoneka bokosi ndi ndalama zambiri kwambiri ndalama. Chifukwa izi sizinachitike - boma la ovomerezeka munthu mosamala chete. Mpaka amaganiza kuti Utumiki wa Mkati, makhoti ndi ofesi khoti linalamula kuti sangathe kulimbana ndi mavuto wachifwamba dziko. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi, zikuoneka, ambiri akuluakulu a boma achinyengo.