Plato: yonena ndi nzeru

Wophunzira wa Socrates, mphunzitsi wa Aristotle - woganiza Greek ndi Plato, amene yonena ndi chidwi ndi azambiriyakale, stylists, olemba mabuku, akatswiri a nzeru za atsogoleri andale. Ichi ndi nthumwi zapadera za anthu amene ankakhala mu nthawi yovuta ya Greek polis mavuto Kukulitsa ya kulimbana kalasi, pamene m'malo nyengo Agiriki anabwera nyengo Aleksandra Makedonskogo. M'ndendemo moyo wa Plato. Wambiri, mwachidule kuperekedwa mu pepala izi zikusonyeza ukulu wake ndi nzeru za sayansi mtima.

ntchito

Plato anabadwa mu 428/427 BC mu Athens. Iye osati anali nzika zonse za Athens, komanso a m'banja zaka lolemera: atate wake, Ariston, anali mbadwa ya Mfumu yomaliza Athens Kodra, ndi mayi ake, Perictione, nkhani wachibale wa Solon.

Mwachidule yonena za Plato oimira ankaikira nthawi ndi gulu la anthu ake. Atalandira maphunziro koyenera ililipo, Plato, za zaka 20 anakhala bwino ziphunzitso za Socrates ndipo anakhala wophunzira wake ndi wotsatira. Plato anali pakati pa Atene, amene anapereka chitsimikizo ndalama kwa Wolakwayo kuti imfa ya Socrates. Pambuyo popereka mphunzitsi, iye anachoka kwawo ndi adenda pa ulendo popanda cholinga yotsimikizika: choyamba anasamukira ku Megara, kenako anapita ku Kurene, ngakhale mu Iguputo. Pocherpnuv zonse zimene akanatha kwa ansembe Igupto, iye anapita ku Italy, kumene anakhala wochezeka ndi nzeru ena a sukulu Pythagorean. Mfundo za moyo Plato nawo pa ulendowo, pa mapeto awa ankayenda kwambiri padziko lonse, koma mtima wake anakhalabe ndi ku Atene.

Pamene Plato anali ndi zaka pafupifupi 40. (N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa m'badwo uwu Ahelene amataya maluwa apamwamba a umunthu - acme), anabwerera Athens ndipo anatsegula pali sukulu yake yotchedwa Academy. Mpaka mapeto a moyo wake, Plato pafupifupi sanasiye Athens, ankakhala seclusion pakati yekha ndi ophunzira. Iye analemekeza chikumbukiro cha mphunzitsi wakufa, koma maganizo ake atchukitsa yekha mu bwalo yopapatiza otsatira ndipo sanayese kuwabweretsa iwo kwa malamulo a msewu, ngati Socrates. Plato anamwalira ali ndi zaka makumi asanu ndi atatu, popanda kutaya momveka wa mumtima. Iye anaikidwa mu ceramic, pafupi ndi Academy. Chotero moyo anali Plato. yonena wake pa anayendera pafupi chidwi kwambiri, koma zambiri za izo ndi wosadalirika kwambiri, ndi zambiri ngati nthano.

Plato Academy

Dzina "Academy" amachokera ku chakuti munda kuti Plato anagula mwachindunji sukulu yake pafupi zolimbitsa thupi anali odzipereka kwa ngwazi za Acadia. Pa dera la Academy ophunzira sanali kokha zokambirana ndi akatswiri anamvera Plato, analoledwa kukhala kumeneko mpaka kalekale kapena nthawi yochepa.

Platonism zachitika pa maziko a nzeru za Socrates pa dzanja limodzi ndi otsatira a Pythagoras, pa ena. Pa bambo mphunzitsi wake anabwereka chomwe dialectical view wa dziko ndi kusamalira nkhani zokhudza chikumbumtima. Koma, monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi yonena za Plato, ndicho zaka anakhala mu Sicily, pakati pa Pythagoreans, iye anali bwino azimvetsa chiphunzitso nthanthi ya Pythagoras. Osachepera chakuti Academy nzeru ena amakhala ndi kugwira ntchito limodzi, ndi amatikumbutsa sukulu Pythagorean.

Ganizo maphunziro andale

chidwi linaperekedwa kwa Academy wa maphunziro ndale. Koma mu mfundo amakedzana sizinkachitika ku magulu a nthumwi anapatsa la: ndondomeko kasamalidwe nawo onse akulu akuku, ndiko kuti, free ndi yovomerezeka Atene. Kenako, mwana wa Plato, Aristotle formulates tanthauzo la ndale monga munthu amene amachita nawo moyo chikhalidwe za ndondomekoyi, monga kuyenera idiotika - sakonda munthu. Ie nawo ndale inali mbali yofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa Agiriki akale, ndi maphunziro ndale zikutanthauza chitukuko cha chilungamo, ndi wowolowa manja, mphamvu ndi acuity maganizo.

Kupeleka nthanthi

Kuti mawu olembedwa a maganizo ndi mfundo za Plato makamaka anasankha mtundu wa kukambirana ndi. Izi ndi zofala zolembalemba chipangizo kalelo. ntchito nthanthi ya nthawi oyambirira ndipo kenako Plato ya moyo wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri, ndipo ili ndi chibadwa, chifukwa anapeza nzeru ndi maganizo asinthira m'kupita kwa nthawi. Pakati ofufuza ali conventionally kugawa zamoyo wa nzeru Plato mu nthawi zitatu:

1. Ophunzira (mchikakamizo cha Socrates) - "Apology ya Socrates", "Creighton," "Fox", "Protagoras", "Charmides", "Evtifron" ndipo 1 m'buku, "State".

2. akungoyendayenda (mchikakamizo cha maganizo a Heraclitus) - "Gorgias", "Cratylus", "Menon".

3. Kuphunzitsa (kulamulira mphamvu ya maganizo a sukulu Pythagorean) - "Phwando," "Phaedo", "Phaedrus", "Parmenides", "wosokoneza", "Ndale", "Tineyu", "Critias", 2-10 wa buku "State" "Malamulo".

bambo chabe

Plato ankaona anayambitsa chabe, liwu lokha lachokera ku malingaliro chapakati m'chiphunzitso chake - Eidos. Mfundo yofunika kuti Plato ankaimira dziko monga ogaŵikana mbali ziwiri: dziko maganizo (Eidos) ndi dziko la mitundu (chuma). Eidos - ndi prototypes, gwero la dziko zakuthupi. Vuto palokha ndi MAONEKEDWE ENIENI ndi bodiless, dziko limakhala maphunziro watanthauzo zikomo okha maganizo.

Lalikulu malo mu dziko la Eidos ndi lingaliro la mtendere, ndi tsinde zina zonse kwa izo. Ndi dalitso The poyambira, kukongola malire, Mlengi wa chilengedwe chonse. Eidos chilichonse - cheni ake, chinsinsi zofunika kwambiri anthu - ndi moyo. Malingaliro ndi mtheradi ndi wosasintha, moyo wawo umayenda mwa malire danga nthawi zonse, ndipo zinthu - ndi impermanent, repeatable ndi iskazhaemy, moyo wawo amalire.

Koma moyo wa munthu, chiphunzitso nthanthi ya Plato amachitira ophiphiritsa monga galeta ndi mahatchi awiri, motsogozedwa galeta. Bwaloli wololera chiyambi, mu oyang'anira kavalo wake woyera limaimira kuwolowa manja ndiponso makhalidwe abwino kwambiri, ndipo wakuda - ndi achibadwidwe, zilakolako otsika. M'dziko lotsatira moyo (dalaivala) pa ndime ndi milungu nawo choonadi chamuyaya amaona dziko Eidos. Atabadwa yachilendo choonadi wosatha kukhala mu moyo chokumbukira.

Space - lonse alipo dziko, kuti kwathunthu chinaonekeranso zinachitika. chiphunzitso Plato ya kufanana kwa dziko komanso umatheka chiphunzitso Eidos.

Kukongola ndi Chikondi - mfundo wosatha

Kuyambira zonsezi ndizoonekeratu kuti nzeru za dziko - akufuna kuyang'ana pa zinthu mu kunyezimira maganizo mwa chikondi, chilungamo ndi kukongola malonda. Chiphunzitso cha Kukongola ndiye pakatikati pa nzeru za Plato: kufufuza kukongola munthu ndi dziko, kupanga kukongola kudzera malamulo ogwirizana ndi luso - cholinga apamwamba a munthu. Choncho, ikusintha moyo amapita ku kuganizira za kukongola kwa zinthu zakuthupi kumvetsetsa kukongola mu zaluso ndi sayansi, ku chimbuzi - kumvetsa kukongola abwino. Iwo ubwera monga vumbulutso ndi kubweretsa moyo kwa dziko la milungu.

Pamodzi ndi kukongola kwa dziko kulera eidoses anthu lakonzedwa Chikondi. Chikutanthauza chithunzi cha nzeru zapamwamba ndi ofanana ndi chifaniziro cha Eros - amamuchititsa wabwino, kuimira wochititsa mkhalapakati kwa umbuli nzeru. Chikondi - mphamvu yolenga zinthu wake okongola amabadwa ndi malamulo ogwirizana ndi anthu. Kuti chikondi - mfundo zikuluzikulu chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, ndi kuyamba pang'onong'ono kwa thupi (chuma) kupanga moyo wake, ndipo pambuyo - zauzimu, zomwe zimafunika dera maganizo koyera. chikondi otsiriza ano ndi kukumbukira munthu wangwiro, moyo wopulumutsidwa.

Kodi kuganizira mfundo yakuti zilekanitse dziko maganizo ndi zinthu sizikutanthauza dualism (chomwe nthawi zambiri pambuyo pake kunawerengedwa kwa Plato adani ake maganizo, kuyambira ndi Aristotle), iwo zokhudzana zikulumikizana makolo. Zoonadi wokhalapo - Eidos mlingo - alipo kwamuyaya, ndi kudzidalira. Koma vuto limapezeka kale ngati potsanzira lingaliro yekha "pano" mu munthu wangwiro.

maganizo andale a Plato

Wambiri ndi nzeru za Plato ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi kumvetsa boma wololera komanso moyenera. Ziphunzitso za chomwe bambo ake pa kasamalidwe ndi maubwenzi a anthu "State" anauyamba lonena za. Zonse wamangidwa pa kufanana pakati pa zipani munthu kuti moyo wa munthu ndi nkhope ya anthu (monga udindo wawo).

Motero, magawo atatu a moyo udindo nzeru, kudziletsa, ndi kulimba mtima. Ambiri, makhalidwe amenewa akuimira chilungamo. Tidziwanso kuti chilungamo (wangwiro) boma n'zotheka pamene munthu aliyense ali mu malo ndipo amachita kamodzi kwa ntchito zonse anakhazikitsa (malinga ndi luso lake). Malinga ndi chiwembu azifotokoza "State", kumene yonena mwachidule Plato, chifukwa cha moyo wake ndi mfundo zazikulu ndi umunthu komaliza, ayenera kusamalira akatswiri onse ofalitsa nzeru. Iwo ali omumvera chiyambi wololera nzika zonse zadziko. Yofunika kwambiri mu boma kusewera wankhondo (m'Mabaibulo alonda ena), anthu awa tcheru. Ankhondo ayenera kukhala ulamuliro wa kulengedwa ndipo pa achibadwidwe komanso kubuka maganizo. Koma uwu si makina ozizira, zomwe zikuoneka kuti munthu masiku ano, osati anangotengeka zilakolako kumvetsa zosagwirizana wamkulu dziko. Gulu lachitatu nzika - ndi ndiAmene chuma. Monga ndifotokoze izo anafotokoza schematically ndi mwachidule Plato. Wambiri ya mmodzi wa anthu anzeru m'mbiri ya anthu zikusonyeza kuti chiphunzitso chake anapeza anachita maganizo a m'nthawi yake - amadziwika kuti anali atalandira zopempha ambiri ku olamulira a polis wakale ndi ena mayiko akum'mawa pa pokonzekera zizindikiro wawo.

Mochedwa yonena za Plato ankaphunzitsa pa Academy ndi chisoni zinkaoneka kuti mfundo za Pythagoreans kugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso cha "manambala abwino", yomwe kenako anayamba Neoplatonists.

Nthano ndi zikhulupiriro

Yokhudza udindo wake pa linayamba: monga nzeru zapamwamba ndi, Plato, amene yonena ndipo anapulumuka zolemba zikuonetseratu poyera nzeru kwambiri, iye sanakane nthano za makolo. Koma iye anapereka kumasulira nthano monga chizindikiro, zophiphiritsa, ndipo asawadziwe monga ngati axiom. Mfundo akuti Plato, sanali zinachitikadi. Iye anawona zithunzi nthano ndi zochitika monga ngati chiphunzitso nzeru zaumunthu, zomwe si angabweretse Mulimonse, koma amapereka chakudya okha kukambirana ndi kuunika mofatsa zochitika. Komanso, ambiri akale nthano Greek zinalembedwa ndi anthu wamba popanda kalembedwe kapena chithandizo zolembalemba. Pazifukwa izi, Plato zoyenera kuteteza malingaliro mwanayo kwa kwambiri nkhani za m'nthano, wolemera zopeka zambiri mwano ndi zoipa.

Plato umboni woyamba mu mtima kufa kwa moyo wa munthu

Plato - woyamba wakale nzeru zapamwamba, amene ntchito yatsikira kwa masiku ano si unagawanika, ndi m'malemba. Mu kukambirana wake "The State", "Phaedrus" 4 apatsa umboni za kusafa kwa moyo wa munthu. The woyamba amatchedwa "cyclical". Kwenikweni wake inali yakuti angamatsutse chiyenera kukhala ngati pali kudalira mangawawo. Ie zambiri imasonyeza kukhalako kwa aang'ono, ngati pali imfa, ndiye pali chosafa. Zimenezi Plato ukutchulidwa kuti mtsutso waukulu mokomera lingaliro la mulo.

Chitsimikizo chachiwiri

Chifukwa lingaliro kudziwa kuti ndi kukumbukira. Plato ankaphunzitsa kuti maganizo a anthu, pali mfundo monga chilungamo, kukongola, chikhulupiriro. mfundo zimenezi zili "mwa iwo okha." Iwo samaphunzitsa iwo amaona ndi kumvetsetsa pa mlingo wa chikumbu mtima. Iwo - akamanena mtheradi, chamuyaya ndi wosafa. Ngati moyo wabadwa mu dziko akudziwa kale za iwo, kotero iye anadziwa za iwo ndi moyo padziko lapansi. Kamodzi moyo amadziwa chofunikira wosatha, ndiye kuti iye ndi wamuyaya.

Mfundo yachitatu

Iwo anamanga pa chitsutso cha thupi lachivundi ndi mzimu wosafa. Plato ankaphunzitsa kuti zonse mu dziko la duality. Thupi ndi moyo pa moyo wake inextricably zogwirizana. Koma thupi - ili ndi gawo la chilengedwe, pamene moyo - gawo la la Mulungu. thupi amayesetsa kukumana mmene m'munsi ndi achibadwidwe, moyo ndi mtima wofunitsitsa kudziwa ndi chitukuko. Thupi walunjika shawa. Mphamvu ya maganizo ndi chifuniro cha munthu akhoza kugonjetsa achibadwidwe. Choncho, ngati thupi lachivundi ndi chachinyengo, chitsutso cha moyo wake ndi wosatha ndi osabvunda. Ngati thupi sangaonekerenso popanda moyo, choncho moyo pakhale payokha.

Chachinayi, chitsimikizo komaliza

Ovuta kwambiri kuphunzitsa. Ambiri momveka bwino amadziwika kukambirana lake Socrates ndi Cebes mu "Phaedo". umboni zachokera amanena kuti chilichonse ndi chibadidwe chikhalidwe chake ndi wosasintha. Choncho, ngakhale nthawizonse wosamvetseka, woyera ndi wakuda akhoza kukhala chilichonse konse zoipa. Kuchokera pa imfa ichi chimabweretsa katangale komanso moyo simudzadziwa imfa. Ngati thupi kufa ndi kuvunda, ndiye akamanena za izo - imfa. Moyo ndi zosemphana ndi imfa, moyo uli pandunji kwa thupi. Choncho, ngati thupi kuwonongeka, moyo - ndi wosafa.

Kufunika kwa maganizo a Plato

Zimenezi, mawu ambiri, mfundo yakuti anthu anasiya chuma cha wakale Plato. The yonena za munthu uyu zapadera awiri ndi theka zaka wakhala nthano, ndi chiphunzitso chake, zinthu zina, maziko zambiri malingaliro nthanthi panopa alipo. wophunzira wake Aristotle kudzudzulidwa maganizo a mphunzitsi wake ndipo anamanga zosiyana chiphunzitso nthanthi dongosolo lake chuma. Koma mfundo imeneyi - ndi umboni wa ukulu Plato: osati mphunzitsi aliyense wapatsidwa kulera wotsatira, koma woyenera Goliyati, mwina zochepa.

Plato chimene wapeza otsatira ambiri Kale, chidziwitso cha mankhwala ndi mfundo yaikulu ya zimene ankaphunzitsa inali mbali imodzi ndi yofunika ya mapangidwe nzika yabwino ya polis Greek. Chotero chithunzi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri nzeru zaumunthu ganizo sanali amamuiwala, ngakhale mu Ages Middle, akatswiri mwamphamvu anakana zotsatira za masiku amakedzana. Plato ouziridwa nzeru ena a Kubadwa Kwatsopano, anapereka chakudya ankhaninkhani lingaliro kwa anthu anzeru European cha mibadwo ya mtsogolo. Chinyezimiritso cha ziphunzitso zake Tingaone zosiyanasiyana mfundo wogwila maganizo ndi nzeru zaumunthu wa Plato Quotes angapezeke mu nthambi zonse za nzeru za anthu.

Zimangooneka ngati nzeru zapamwamba, ndi khalidwe lake

Akatswiriwa anapeza busts zambiri Plato anasunga kuyambira nthawi zakale ndi Zapakati. Malinga ndi iye Kulengedwa zina zachidule ambiri ndi zithunzi za Plato. Komanso, maonekedwe a nzeru zapamwamba akhoza adzaweruzidwa ndi Mbiri.

Malinga ndi zonse zosonkhana pang'ono pang'ono monga Plato, anali wamtali, lochita masewera osiyanasiyana anamanga, waukulu mapewa ndi mafupa. khalidwe anali mwamtendere kwambiri, makirediti kunyada, n'zachabechabe ndipo boastfulness. Iye anali wodzichepetsa kwambiri ndipo nthawi zonse mtundu, osati ndi anzawo, komanso ndi akuluakulu a kalasi m'munsi.

The wakale Plato, yonena ndi nzeru zomwe simatsutsana mzake, ndi moyo mwa kuvomereza choonadi cha maganizo ake dziko.