Moyo ndi Imfa ya Socrates

Moyo ndi imfa ya Socrates akali chidwi kwambiri osati kwa mbiri yakale komanso ambiri a admirers wake. mfundo zambiri za izi tsogolo woganiza ndi lero kukhala chinsinsi. Moyo ndi Imfa ya Socrates yokutidwa ndi nthano. Kodi n'zodabwitsa tikulankhula mmodzi wa anthu anzeru kwambiri nthawi zonse.

Chiyambi cha Socrates

Socrates - wotchuka a ku Atene nzeru zapamwamba, amene anali kupereka chipilala chachikulu - dialogues Plato. Mwa iwo, ndiye protagonist.

Amadziwika kuti bambo nzeru zapamwamba m'tsogolo, anali stonemason (kapena ziboliboli) Sophroniscus ndi mayi - Fenareta. Mwina bambo wake anali mwachilungamo wolemera uja. ofufuza anapanga mfundo imeneyi zochokera chakuti Socrates wagonjetsa monga hoplite, ndiye, monga msilikali panopo ali ndi zida. Ngakhale chuma cha makolo, nzeru zapamwamba yekha sankasamala za chuma ndi kwadzaoneni kwambiri ndi kutha kwa moyo.

magwero zotsutsana

Socrates awafotokozera chiphunzitso chake yekha mu mawonekedwe m'kamwa. Ife tikudziwa za izo kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana, mmodzi amene amanena image, ndi comedies wake wa Aristophanes, parodies ndi moyo. Xenophon ndi Plato anapanga Socrates zithunzi ndi posthumous, ndipo zinalembedwa mu chikhalidwe laudatory. magwero amenewa, musati afanane ndi zina zambiri. Zikuoneka mauthenga Aristotle zochokera Plato. Ambiri olemba ena kukhazikitsidwa wochezeka kapena ankhanza, zachititsa, komanso nthano ya Socrates.

Social bwalo la nzeru zapamwamba, ndi nawo nkhondo

Pa mliri wa pa Peloponnesian nkhondo, nzeru zapamwamba zaka 37. Pakati pa anthu amene adanena kwa iye, anali anzeru ku bwalo la Pericles - wosokoneza Protagoras, Arikelao wasayansi, woimba Damon, komanso wanzeru Aspasia. Pali umboni kuti iye ankadziwa bwino nzeru zapamwamba wotchuka Anaxagoras. Mu "Phaedo" Plato Socrates chimakamba za kukhumudwa anawamvera kuwerenga mabuku a Anaxagoras. Tili ndi chidwi mu nzeru zapamwamba ophunzitsidwa dialectic a Zeno wa Elea, kenako anapita ku nkhani ya wosokoneza Prodicus, ndipo anali nawo kutsutsana ndi Thrasymachus, Gorgias ndi Antiphon. Socrates adadziwa pa nkhondo Nkhondo ya Potidea, zokhudza 432 BC. e., pamene Delia (424 BC. e.) ndipo Amfipoli (422 BC. e.).

Socrates - Delphic masomphenya

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha nzeru zapamwamba uyu anali kulengeza za Delphic masomphenya, "wanzeru kwambiri kuposa amuna." Izi zikunena Plato mu "Apology ya Socrates". Delphic masomphenya iye ankaganiza kwambiri za mawu awa. Akuyerekeza iwo ndi chikhulupiriro chake kuti mwake, kuti iye "amadziwa zokha kuti amadziwa chilichonse." Wafilosofi anazindikira kuti izi ndi zimene zimapangitsa iye anzeru, monga anthu ambiri sakudziwa ngakhale izi. Chidziwitso cha kuchuluka kwa umbuli wawo, ndi umbuli wa anthu ena mfundo onse a maphunziro Socrates. Mwa ichi amatilimbikitsa mawu amene chosema pa khomo la kachisi wa Apollo pa Delphi. mawu awa: "Kudziwa wekha."

Socrates ndi ndale

Ndi 423 BC. e. Socrates anali kale wotchuka, chifukwa cha zimene wakhala chinthu kuukira satirical awiri odziwika bwino oseketsa ku Atene - Ameypsiya ndi Aristophanes. Wafilosofi ndi andale, koma mwa anzake anali Alcibiades, Critias, ndi Charmides Theramenes. Zomalizira anali atsogoleri a makumi atatu ankhanza, amene anagonjetsa demokalase ku Athens. Ndipo Alcibiades anabwera kusakhulupirira kwawo chifukwa cha mwayi ndale. Pali umboni kuti kulankhulana ndi anthu awa kupweteka pa mlandu wa Socrates.

Mu 406 BC. e. Tili ndi chidwi mu nzeru zapamwamba ataletsa chosemphana ndi mopupuluma anapeka njira chiganizo kuti akhala mlandu pambuyo zombo ku Atene anapambana nkhondo ya zilumba Arginusskih. , Imatchedwanso kuti 404 BC nzeru zapamwamba ananyalanyaza lamulo la Makumi ankhanza nsomba Leontiev ndi Salami, amene anali m'ndandanda awo proscription.

moyo

Socrates, pamene iye anali kale mu ukalamba, anamanga mfundo ndi Xanthippe. mkaziyo anabereka ana atatu nzeru za anthu. N'zotheka kuti ukwati yachiwiri Socrates. Wafilosofi anali osauka. maonekedwe ake odabwitsa komanso kuphweka anali ndakatulo.

The mayesero ndi imfa ya Socrates

Socrates mu 399 anaonekera pamaso pa milandu ya "akuononga unyamata" ndi "zoipa." Yopapatiza malire a mavoti, anapezeka wolakwa. Pamene woganiza sanafune kuvomereza mlandu wake ndipo ndinkayesetsa kufunsa ukapolo m'malo kuphedwa, imfa ya Socrates ali anakuvoterani koposa pano pa mlanduwo.

Wafilosofi anali m'ndende kwa mwezi umodzi, ndiye chiweruzo anaphedwa. Woganiza anabweretsa chikho cha chiphe (hemlock). Iye kumwa iwo, ndi chifukwa pali wabwera imfa ya Socrates. Ntchito zoterozo cha Plato ngati "Phaedo", "Creighton" ndi "Apology ya Socrates", limene likusimba za Mulandu, pa kukhalapo nzeru zapamwamba m'ndende ndi kuphedwa, moyo imeneyi mtima woganiza chidwi kwa ife, kulimba kwa maganizo ake.

M'chaka 399 BC. e. panali imfa ya Socrates. Chaka izo molondola zikudziwika, koma chiwerengero sitinganene kuti. Tikhonza kunena kuti nzeru zapamwamba anafa mochedwa June kapena oyambirira July. Malinga ndi umboni wa olemba atatu amakedzana (Apollodorus wa Athens, Demetrius Falerskogo ndi Plato), pa nthawi ya imfa ya woganiza ndi ndili ndi zaka 70. Imfa ya Socrates (ambiri olemba wakale converge kuti) sanadza yachibadwa. Izo zinachitika chifukwa chakuti iye ankamwa poizoni. Chifukwa cha imfa ya Socrates Komabe, pali zikutipatsa kukayikira ena a mbiri yakale. Patapita Plato mu kukambirana wake "Phaedo" moyo imeneyi chifanizo cha nzeru zapamwamba, ndilo mlendo ku imfa mu chikhalidwe, koma m'mikhalidwe, munthu ayenera kufa. Komabe, Plato mwiniyo sanali kupezeka pa imfa ya mphunzitsi wake. Iyeyo sanaone imfa ya Socrates. Plato anafotokoza mwachidule pa maziko a m'nthawi yake.

milandu lemba

Lemba la milandu nzeru zapamwamba, yemwe anagonjera review milandu anasunga lero. Kuti zimenezi anayamikira pa olemba wamng'ono uyu kudziwika Diogen Laertsky. Iye amakhala nkhani lotchedwa "Pa nzeru za moyo", kunena za zoyambirira za m'ma 3 BC. e. zambiri zofunika Diogen Laertsky Zikatero, anaitenga ku ntchito za Favorinus wa Arles. munthu uyu anali admirer la Kale, afilosofi ndiponso olemba. Iye yekha anakhala zaka kale, Koma mosiyana Diogenes, Ine adzionera malemba a Athens Metroone.

Ambiri ofufuza amavomereza kuti chifukwa cha chikhazikitso cha ululu anabwera imfa amunamuna a Socrates. Komabe, sitingathe kudziwa mmene anali. Moyo wa imfa ya Socrates - mmodzi wa mphindi chidwi kwambiri pa moyo wake.

Chiphunzitso cha Socrates

Socrates monga mphunzitsi, ndi kwambiri maganizo chithunzi. Childs, chilango cha imfa kutsutsana naye, kufotokoza alibe wa demokalase. Koma ine ndiyenera kuti mu 403 BC. e. Athens linakhalanso ulamuliro umene unali ndithu wololera ndipo uweme. Iye ankadalira mfundo za Amnesty ndale, ndipo linkalimbikitsa. Pankhaniyi, zonse zikusonyeza kuti lalikulu kwambiri ndi konkire mlandu Socrates mu "akuononga achinyamata". Komabe, inu mukhoza ndikuganiza tanthauzo la zimenezi. Mu kukambirana Plato "Creighton" amatanthauza chitetezo nzeru zapamwamba ku mlandu wa "kuzula chilamulo." Ndithu mwina, amasonyeza kuti chikoka cha Socrates ubwana nthawi ankaona kuukira maziko kwambiri za anthu amene anakhalako.

Kusintha maziko onse

Mnyamata amene anafika ngakhale ku m'badwo sukulu, ku nthawi Homer kuti "maphunziro apamwamba" mwa kulankhula ndi akulu. Anamvera malangizo m'kamwa ndi kutengera makhalidwe a aphunzitsi. Choncho, mnyamatayo anapeza makhalidwe a mbadwa wamkulu. Pakati osankhika andale, nawonso, ku mibadwomibadwo mwa njira kukhazikitsa boma. Koma mu nthawi ya Socrates m'banja watha kuchita ntchito zonsezi. Iwo anawatengera ku khoti lina, amene walandira kupanga bungwe, anakhazikitsa makamaka chifukwa cha ichi kale pambuyo Socrates anafa. Plato Academy anali zinachitika pa gulu. Pa mutu wa njira anali mokha gulu amene ali yafupika. Anthu amenewa anabweretsa maganizo maphunziro "akatswiri" ya Western Greece ndi Ionian.

Kodi chofunika kwa milandu mu "akuononga achinyamata"

Socrates anali ovuta kwambiri chifukwa iye anali kuchita Athens. Mu 423 BC. e. awiri basi sewero lanthabwala - Aristophanes ( "Mitambo") ndi Ameypsy (sanasunge sewero lanthabwala "Conn") - oyambitsa nzeru zapamwamba, pamene ankatsogolera sukulu upstart, zochokera - maphunziro a kwa makolo kusamvera achinyamata. Maganizo amenewa ndi yofunika kwa ife anzeru ndi 399 BC. e. Iwo analimbikitsa mu wotchuka kuyang'anira Socrates mu "akuononga unyamata". Ngati ife titembenukira kwa dialogues ophunzira nzeru zapamwamba, ife tikupeza kuti iwo nthawi zambiri anafunsa funso lakuti: Kodi abambo akulu kupatsira ukoma pa unyamata, kapena pofuna kuphunzira makamaka?

Socrates monga mthenga wa lingaliro umboni

Ngakhale zambiri odzipereka mu lililonse la lothandiza chikhalidwe cha mavuto, tikuyandikira kumvetsetsa chifukwa cha dialectic ya Socrates zinali ndi mphamvu. Koyamba, izo sizikumveka momwe pofotokoza mfundo yakuti mibadwo awiri wakhala chidwi ndi Greek nzeru za Socrates, amene imfa zomveka ndithu. Ndipo ngakhale kuti ziphunzitso za woganiza anaona chida cha chiwonongeko.

Kuti timvetse zimenezi, muyenera kuganizira zimene njira kulankhulana Analeredwa ndi nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Socrates komanso mmene anasintha ina. Athens anali pa siteji ya akamaliza kusintha kwa mawu olembedwa a mawu. Amakhudza Zikatero, chinenero, komanso ndinayamba kusintha kwa mitundu ya kutsitsimuka. Kusintha kumeneku tinganene chimatanthauza kusintha kwa fano abstraction, kuchokera ndakatulo ndi prose, kuchokera yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale chidziwitso zomveka. Pamene lingaliro umboni ankaona ngati zatsopano, anatulukira zodabwitsa. Kuti Socrates anali mthenga wake.

The "Mitambo" wa Aristophanes kusekedwa nzeru zapamwamba monga woganiza bwinobwino wakuti "myslilnyu" amafufuza "maganizo". Komanso, anadziŵa malingaliro a wansembe, kuuluka kumwamba, ngati mitambo. "Malingaliro" zachititsa kuseka pamene kokha chifukwa iwo ali. Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti Aristofana Sokrat amagwiritsa ntchito mawu atsopano, amalankhula kwa jargon umboni, mu zomwe kutenga mawonekedwe nkhani.

Ana woganiza kumangoganizira malingaliro chidwi kwa ife, kunyozedwa ndi Aristophanes, zikufotokozedwa monga matanthauzo kufunafuna osiyanasiyana mfundo umboni monga "chilungamo" ndi "wabwino", komanso ndondomeko kupanga chinenero yeniyeni, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe ife tingakhoze kufotokoza sadziwa zenizeni, ndi chidziwitso mwa cilamulo.

Moyo, ziphunzitso, imfa ya Socrates - izi zonse tikuuzidwa. Munthu amatha kulankhula nthawi yaitali nzeru zapamwamba chapadera. Tikukhulupirira kuti nkhaniyi ali chidwi kwa iye.