Peloponnesian nkhondo: zimayambitsa mkangano Athens ndi Sparta

The Peloponnesian nkhondo - nkhondo asilikali, yemwe anali ndi mavuto oopsa kwambiri, pakati pa Aatene Ufumu linkadziwika Delian Symmachus, ndi Peloponnesian League kutsogoleredwa ndi Sparta. Pa pali zambiri maumboni mbiri yofanana, koma ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakati pawo ndi "History" Thucydides. Ambiri mwa comedies wa Aristophanes, amene amanyozedwa ena akazembe ndi zochitika zinalembedwa nthawi imeneyi.

Athens ndi Sparta - kwambiri awiri mzinda-limati - anali ogwirizana pa Agiriki ndi Persian Nkhondo (499-449 zaka BC.). Potsatira mthunzi wa Aperisiya, Athens kuchuluka kuzikhulupirira osati Aegean ndi dera Black Sea, komanso anafuna kuti zilamulire onse Greece.

Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti Peloponnesian kunabuka nkhondo chifukwa choopa Sparta mphamvu kuchuluka kwa Athens, amene koposa akutali mpikisano awo. zonsezi anali amphamvu ndipo akhoza kunyalanyaza malamulo akale a oyenda nkhondo. Anathandiza pafupifupi 200,000 helots amene ankagwira ntchito ku minda ndi Massena Laconia Sparta kuika hoplites amene anali anaphunzira nkhondo. Iwo anali odziwika ndi olimba mtima, luso mu nkhondo unarmed ndi njira amanyansidwa anatulukira, otchedwa ndi phalanx mapangidwe. Izi njira nzeru wakhala bwino pa Nkhondo ya mpikisano mu 490 BC ndi Plataea mu 479 BC, kenako wakale nkhondo Greek inatha mu chigonjetso Aperisi.

Pambuyo pa mthunzi Persian, Athens sanasiye ntchito trireme M'malo mwake, iwo kwambiri kuchuluka zombo zawo. Anakweza pa msonkho m'manja mzinda limati-ili pa zilumba ndi kugombe la nyanja ya Aegean mfundo wakhala ngati "apolisi wabwino", ikuyang'anira atumiki ogwirizana. M'zaka khumi zikubwerazi anamupatsa chikoka mu ukwati (kapena Delian Symmachus monga waukulu bungwe lolamulira anali pa chisumbu cha Delos).

limati zina zopezeka mu ukwati, ndi kwathunthu amadalira Athens, ndi malire ndi zopereka ndalama. Pang'onopang'ono kukhala chuma wamba adadzonga basi pa ntchito ku Atene osati kutetezeredwa Ionian ndi nyanja Aegean kwa adani kuthekera mu nkhope achifwamba ndi Aperisiya chomwecho. Pericles ambiri anazunzika chuma ku Delos kuti Athens, ndalama anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndalama yomanga yaikulu kugwiridwa ndi iwo, makamaka Parthenon.

Sparta nkhawa anaona boma, chitaganya, kupsa magalimoto awo, ndi Athens inasanduka ufumu apanyanja. Kuwonjezeka mphamvu yawo, iwo anatha kutsutsa Lacedaemonians linkadziwika Sparta, mtsogoleri wa mgwirizano wina, umene wakhala nthawi yaitali yekha mphamvu yaikulu asilikali Greece. Sparta ndi ogwirizana ake, kupatulapo Korinto, zakutha kulimbana mphamvu nthaka. Komatu anali gulu la nkhondo losagonjetseka. Choncho, mphamvu awiri sanathe ndi nkhondo ndi kuthetsa mkangano "tsiku limodzi."

The nkhondo Peloponnesian anayamba chifukwa chiwerengero cha ntchito zawo pa mbali ya Athens, chifukwa cha zimene anzawo a Sparta zowawa. Aatene zombo kupewedwa Korinto kupanga njuchi ku Corfu, kuwonjezera, ufumu watenga ziletso pa za chuma ndi Megara, chomwe chingathe kukhala zoopsa kwambiri kwa iwo.

The Peloponnesian nkhondo, umene unayamba mu 431 BC inatenga okwana zaka 27, ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi osayanjanitsika penapake pakati pa nthawi iyi, ndipo zinatha Kudzipereka Athens mu 404 BC. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa yaitali kugonjetsedwa kwa mphamvu anatchula mliri mwadzidzidzi nthenda 430, amene adapha Pericles ndi osachepera kotala kwa nzika zonse. Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu akumenya mosalekeza zinachititsa kuti bankirapuse za ufumuwo mphamvu anaphwa ndi makhalidwe.

Peloponnesian nkhondo inatha ndi kuchotsa kukhalako kwa Aatene mphamvu panyanja. Sparta ndi ogwirizana ake atembenuka Pan-Helene gulu enforcers kulikonse ulamuliro oligarchic.