Miklos Horthy - mtsogoleri wa Hungary mu nthawi interwar

Nkhondo World Ine, Hungary anataya 2/3 ya m'gawo lake. Komanso, dziko wataya mbali yaikulu angathe chuma ndi mwayi kunyanja. Imeneyi, dziko n'kofunika ngati mpweya anali mtsogoleri wamphamvu wa dongosolo authoritarian. Chotero mtsogoleri, nakhala Miklos Horthy.

Zaka ubwana ndi unyamata

The regent tsogolo anabadwa June 18, 1868 mu banja lalikulu la mumzinda sing'anga. Makolo ophunzira ndi ankakhulupirira kuti ana awo ayenera kupeza maphunziro abwino. Kale zaka 8 Miklós Horthy amayamba maphunziro ake pa College of Debrecen reformatory. Mu 1878, makolo a Miklos kumasulira mu sukulu German (Sopron). Mu 1882, atakhoza kusankha pa mpikisano anthu 12 pa malo, Horthy amakhala wophunzira wa Naval Academy mu mzinda pano Chikolowesha wa Rijeka. Iye sukulu ili mu 1886.

Miklos Horthy: kukula yonena

ngwazi wathu ndi kale yomweyo pambuyo Academy anayamba kusonyeza mphamvu kwambiri malonda apanyanja. Asilikali a asilikali Austria ndi Hungary anaona luso lakelo. Mu 1894, asilikali anaonekera sitima yoyamba kuti nthunzi samatha. Nazo chozizwitsa cha luso anapatsidwa Miklos. patapita zaka zingapo, iye anakhala mtsogoleri wa warship yaikulu. Ndi bwino kuti aliyense kuchuluka kwa maudindo akapatsidwa latsopano udindo asilikali.

Mpaka 1918, Miklos Horthy (zithunzi Tingaone m'nkhani) analamula zombo zingapo. Iye anakhala nawo nkhondo za First World nkhondo. Mu miyezi lotsiriza la Austria-Hungary, pamene zombo anayesetsa udzatha Karl Habsburg asankha Miklós Horthy zombo mkulu.

Chihangare zenizeni pambuyo pa mapeto a World Choyamba

Chifukwa cha dongosolo Versailles Pangano Hungary anali m'gulu la States anakhudzidwa. Mfundo kupanda ungwiro mapangano mtendere zinaonekeratu pasanapite nthawi, koma kukhazikitsidwa awo mutsimikizira mapeto a nkhondoyi. Pamaziko a Austria-Hungary analengedwa ndi madera osiyanasiyana dziko. Chifukwa, magawano yokumba madera Hungary anataya 30% mayiko awo mafuko. Tikuyankhula zokhudza pafupifupi miliyoni 3.3 anthu.

Pangano la Versailles Ndipotu manyazi Hungarians monga fuko. Popeza Hungary anachita pafupifupi chinthu chomwecho monga ndi Germany. Cholinga cha Miklós Horthy mu malo regent anali kubwezeretsa ukulu dziko ayambe Hungary mu Europe.

mfundo zoweta hortistkogo mode

Mu nthawi interwar ku Hungary anachita dongosolo lapadera kulamulira. Yokhala, boma anakhalabe mafumu. Kunena zoona, pambuyo kupasula mafumu Habsburg mu 1919 sanali, monga Entente amakakamizidwa Charles IV kunyalanyaza. Kuwonjezera pa November 1, 1921 boma Chihangare inaika lamulo pa achire wa ku Habsburg mafumu monarsheskogo wachifumu.

Pambuyo nkhondo zaka 1950-1980 historiography za siteji ya bungwe la Miklós Horthy ku Hungary monga kupondereza lopondereza. Ndikufuna timatsutsana ndi izo, chifukwa:

- m'chigawo lizigwira bicameral yamalamulo, amene anathandiza kwambiri pa kupanga zisankho pa mlingo wapamwamba;

- izo linakhazikitsidwa dongosolo Mipikisano phwando ;

- mu Zisankho zochitika momasuka ndi chilungamo, ndipo chipani akhoza nawo mbali zonse;

- izo munakhazikitsidwa ntchito zenizeni za zipani otsutsa yamalamulo monga mchitidwe wa demokalase.

Kumbali chuma, vuto la boma inakula kwambiri. The Utsogoleri (monga icho chinali kutchedwa mbiri yakale Soviet) sali bwino odziwa chuma, titero kusintha kulikonse kwambiri m'dera limeneli si koyenera. Palibe kusintha kwachititsa chakuti zinthu m'chaka cha 1932 oposa 800 zikwi Hungarians anali lova. Poyerekeza ndi 1920, zinthu Ndithu bwino, koma osati kwambiri.

Kwambiri pa chuma Chihangare kugunda ndi mavuto azachuma padziko lonse wa zaka 1929- 1933. Mu 1930, panali kugwa mu Budapest Stock Kusinthanitsa. Kukula kale otsika zachuma anali inaimitsidwa. Onse khumi pambuyo nkhondo, malipilo ogwira ntchito ku mafakitale anakhalabe otsika.

ulamuliro mfundo yachilendo

Ife tanena kale kuti Miklos Horthy - ndi wolamulira mu chifaniziro cha positi-nkhondo mbiri yakale Soviet. chakuti maziko a mfundo yachilendo ya boma anali kubwerera kwa gawo mitundu. Kutheka kwa kusintha mu Versailles dongosolo Horthy amangoona ndi rapprochement ndi Germany chisoni pa mapeto a chipani nkhondo, ndi zina dziko lopondereza - Italy. Mu nkhani iyi, regent Chihangare sanafune kugwa mchikakamizo cha boma lililonse, nafuna kulenga mgwirizano wofanana.

Mu 1927, mgwirizano yosainidwa "Pa ubwenzi wamuyaya" ndi Italy. Mugone akazembe inakhazikitsidwa pakati limati. The rapprochement ndi Germany inayamba 1933. mgwirizano umenewu unali chidwi ndi Adolf Hitler, amene ankafuna nambala pazipita ogwirizana mu Europe. Pakati pa atsogoleri odious misonkhano ingapo imene atsogoleri kumvetsa zimene wina ndi mzake ndi kudza ku chimodzi chimene.

Mu theka lachiwiri la 1930s ndi Miklosh Horti (lalifupi yonena anapereka pamwamba) amapanga maulendo angapo zofunika lonse. Tikuyankhula zokhudza ulendo Horthy ku Poland, Italy ndi Austria. Komanso, panali zokambirana yogwira za kubweretsa anzawo a Yugoslavia.

akupeza Kupititsa mochedwa 1930s

1938 ndi 1939 zaka zinali nthawi ya chisanadze nkhondo Kupititsa kusokonekera. Zogulidwa Hungary anali mtchatho otchedwa Vienna chigamulo. The State Horthy anasamukira ku Southern Slovakia ndi ambiri kumadzulo mbali ya masiku ano Ukraine (Transcarpathia ku mzinda waukulu wa Uzhgorod). The chonse cha anthu a m'madera kumene linalanda anakwana anthu 1 miliyoni. Monga Umboni mfundo zimenezi, padziko lonse Horthy ntchito chake anachita mu 1938, kotero, anapitiriza kugwirizana ndi Hitler.