Dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia. Mapangidwe dongosolo Mipikisano chipani ndi zochititsa

The zinthu ziliri ndale Russia amakhala ndi mapangidwe ulamuliro demokalase mbali yaikulu ya umene uli pamaso pa zipani zandale ndi maganizo, lamulo ndiponso anthu wamba. Zimenezi - kuipidwa ndi anawonjezera nthawi. Mmodzi wa mawonetseredwe kofunika kwambiri atumikire monga Dongosolo la mabungwe monga dongosolo Mipikisano ndale ndi udindo pamaso pa anthu ndi zida boma.

dongosolo Party ndi chofunikira ake

andale a boma lililonse ndi limagwirira chovuta kwambiri kupanga ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Mbali zake amamanga dongosolo gulu lomwe si kuchotsedwa mbali ya boma, komanso umoyo malamulo njira ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa iwo, komanso kuchuluka kwa kumvetsa nzika za kufunikira ndi kufunika kwa moyo wawo.

The mitundu ikuluikulu kachitidwe chipani

Ambiri Western asayansi ndale ndi asayansi chikhalidwe akhala anazindikira kuti kupezeka kwa m'modzi kapena kachitidwe kena chipani bwino kwambiri amasonyeza chitukuko andale a anthu. Choncho, dongosolo Mipikisano chipani ndi umboni wa chitukuko cha dongosolo chikhalidwe, ndi digiri yapamwamba ya anthu zochita yapachiweniweni pa zochita za akuluakulu onse. Tikawonetsetsa, munthu chipani - chizindikiro zonse a anthu opondereza umboni chakuti anthu zosavuta kuloza udindo pa akuluakulu kuposa kuti achitenge icho pa okha.

Zingapo za limati (mwachitsanzo, mu United States ndiponso United Kingdom) ndi ndi kuleza akuchita dongosolo awiri chipani. Mu dongosolo ili awiri chipani sizikutanthauza ndi kukhalapo kwa zipani zambiri. Chabe pankhondo yaikulu basi pakati pa kutsogolera asilikali ndale, pafupifupi mwayi woti mubwere zopangira palibe zipani zina ndi kayendedwe.

dongosolo Mipikisano chipani ndi zochititsa

NKHANI dongosolo Mipikisano chipani monga zosiyana ndiponso kunja kwa machitidwe ena, ndi zovuta mkati chofunikira. Zoyambazo monga pamaso pa maphwando oposa awiri, ambiri mwa mwayi weniweni kubwera kwa mphamvu, kukula kwa malamulo masankho, yogwira anthu wamba, ndale osankhika zolowa.

mbali mkati amapeza chakuti akamanena za dongosolo Mipikisano chipani - ndi kukondera zovuta pakati pa nambala yaikulu ophunzira. Ichi ndi dongosolo pazipita anthu mfundo za mpikisano ndi kulemekezana wina ndi mzake. Timatha nzika iliyonse kupeza ndendende mtundu wa mphamvu zandale, amene adzakhala mokwanira kuimira zofuna zake ndi anthu ozungulira iye. Iyi ndi dongosolo Mipikisano chipani, kukakamiza nzika iliyonse zonse chidwi zinachitika mu dziko.

kalembedwe tingachipeze powerenga

Dongosolo Mipikisano chipani alipo zosiyanasiyana mitundu. Izo zimatengera osati pa kapangidwe gulu komanso alipo mu mwambo anthu anapatsidwa a ndale ndi chikhalidwe ndale.

Classic ndi otchedwa Mipikisano chipani kugawikana kuti panopa alipo m'maiko monga Denmark, Austria, Belgium. Mu dongosolo ili, mtsogoleri chipani, palibe magulu andale mu masankho salandira ndi ambiri mtheradi Choncho, amakakamizidwa kuchita chimodzi kapena mgwirizano wina. dongosolo ndi osakhazikika, kotero kuti amamuchititsa zosamukira kudziko lina.

mtundu wina wa kachitidwe Mipikisano chipani

Mmodzi wa limati mkhola ambiri a dongosolo la ndale chifukwa bloc Mipikisano phwando. Dongosolo Mipikisano chipani, ntchito Mwachitsanzo, mu France, amauza onse mphamvu zazikulu ndale mayunitsi zingapo zofunika. Kapangidwe izi zimawapangitsa maphwando ndi atsogoleri awo asintha zina ndi mayiko ake, mosamala kwambiri maganizo kwa zojambula ndi mapulogalamu masankho ndi chilango mkati chipani.

Pomaliza, pali dongosolo Mipikisano phwando lomwe mbali yaikulu ankaimba ndi chimodzi, mgwirizano lalikulu. Kodi mphamvu kutsutsidwa ndi unagawanika ndipo sangathe kupereka nzika ndi coherent zina. The drawback yaikulu ya boma chotero, chomwe amakhala ndi Mwachitsanzo, India ndi Sweden, ndi kuti nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa stagnation mu moyo andale ndi okalamba mu kuya kwa anthu kufuna kusintha chosintha.

Mapangidwe a dongosolo multiparty ku Russia: chisanadze chosintha nthawi

dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia anayamba ina kuposa mu mayiko ambiri otukuka a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi America. Chifukwa chachikulu ichi chinali mosavuta zaka serfdom ndi amphamvu mphamvu autocratic.

Kusintha kwa zaka zao za sikisite za m'ma XIX ndiribe zinangowonjezera kwafalikira chuma, komanso kusintha kwakukulu m'bwalo la ndale za dziko. Izi kwenikweni chikutanthauza ndondomeko kudula ndyale la anthu, kumene osiyana a moyo asankha kusonkhezera pang'onopang'ono kutaya kukopa kwake autocracy.

dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia ali chiyambi chake mu XIX mochedwa -. Early makumi awiri zaka zambiri, pamene gawo-khumi inkayenda pa maudindo makumi asanu. Kumene, ndondomeko imeneyi mwachindunji ndi zochitika za masautso a woyamba Russian zisinthe ndi kope chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri wa Manifesto wa October 1905. Pakati pa mabungwe ambiri lodziwika ndale ndi kupereka RSDLP, Constitutional-Democratic Party, ndi Octobrists, Mgwirizano wa anthu Russian ndi Party Socialist-Chiwukirano.

Pa nthawi yomweyo tisaiwale kuti mapangidwe dongosolo multiparty m'dziko lathu zinachitika mu zikhalidwe za kusintha kwambiri chikhalidwe, pamaso zitasintha, mnjira siinamalizidwe. Zopinga yeniyeni apa ndi zovuta Mipikisano gawo dongosolo la chisankho, zinthu wosiyana kwa zipani ndale ndi kukhala malo lalikulu la autocracy mu m'bwalolo ndale.

Nthawi Soviet

Ndi kufika mu October 1917 zopangira kunachitika okonda Bolshevik Party ntchito ya magulu ena onse ndale akhala pang'onopang'ono phased kunja. Pofika chilimwe cha 1918 RSDLP (b) akanali lizigwira mwalamulo yekha ndale, ena onse kapena adatsekedwa kapena akhala kusungunuka. Kwa zaka zambiri, dziko anakhazikitsa okhawo mphamvu.

dongosolo Mipikisano chipani mu USSR anayamba kutsitsimutsa mu 1980s mochedwa. Pamene, mwa kukonzanso ndi democratization wa anthu ndale mu dziko anayamba kuoneka otsutsa gulu landale. Makamaka mofulumira ndondomeko izi zinayamba pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti mu 1990, nkhani chimodzi la Constituion, amene amayenda udindo waukulu wa Party Communist.

Kale mu miyezi ingapo pambuyo March wotchuka wa Congress cha akuluakulu Anthu a USSR Ministry of Justice pafupi twente zipani zandale ndi kayendedwe ndiwo anawerengedwa. Ndi nthawi ya azingokhala boma nazo pa makumi asanu.

Mapangidwe a dongosolo multiparty ku Russia: siteji zamakono

Mapangidwe dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia afika msinkhu watsopano pambuyo kukhazikitsidwa mu December 1993 ya Constitution latsopano. Ndi pano, m'nkhani chakhumi ndi chitatu, wotetezedwa bungwe ndale ndi malamulo, monga dongosolo Mipikisano phwando. Amatanthauza kuti kuli mopanda malire maphwando kuti, pa dzanja limodzi, ali ndi ufulu kulimbana mwalamulo mphamvu, ndi pa zina - aziyankha zochita zawo pamaso adzaponye chisanko cha.

Mu Russia pa nthawi ino palibe mfundo iliyonse boma, kotero zipani akhoza kukhala choyenera ndi lamanzere phiko kukondera. The chikhalidwe chachikulu - chosowa zimafuna dongosolo kuitana kwa mtundu tsankho, komanso kanthu chosintha nyaze ukasintha kusintha dongosolo alipo. Pozindikira zinachitikira Union, kukhazikitsidwa kwa maselo chipani m'mafakitale, analetsa mabungwe ndi magulu.

Yaikulu komanso odziwika bwino kayendedwe ndale, ntchito ya omwe ankachitika mkombero chisankho kuposa wina, muyenera kukhala Party Communist "United Russia", "Apple", ndi Osaumira Democratic Party, "Fair Russia". maphwando amenewa amasiyana amafuna osati pulogalamu komanso akuphatikizapo gulu ndi njira ntchito ndi anthu mzake.

NKHANI ano Russian dongosolo Mipikisano chipani

Poganizira mapangidwe dongosolo multiparty mu dziko lathu, kupenda makhalidwe ake, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mapangidwe ake ndi chitukuko zinachitika mu mavuto a kusinthika kuchokera ku kachitidwe kamodzi chikhalidwe ndi mzake. Komanso, muyenera kukumbukira kungomanga khalidwe la zipani zoweta, ndi kukayikira za ambiri nzika ambiri a chitetezo cha MCP.

Mmodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri za ndondomeko Mipikisano chipani mu dziko lathu, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ndi spasmodic khalidwe. dongosolo Mipikisano phwando Russia amakono amatchula kwambiri ndi njira kunja. Ichi ndi chifukwa makamaka chakuti zipani zambiri anapanga kwathunthu zolinga yochepa, sanafune kuti akonze aakulu chikhalidwe ndi maganizo.

Mbali ya dongosolo multiparty mu Russia akali chakuti pafupifupi magulu onse (kupatula, mwina, Gulu Communist) analenga padziko mtsogoleri makamaka, ndipo si monga nthumwi ya zofuna za magulu ena anthu kapena magulu. Atsogoleri nawonso, kuganizira chilengedwe cha mgwirizano andale mpata okha mu echelons wa mphamvu ndi cigawo mu chitsanzo ndale alipo.

The mavuto zikulu zikulu ndi njira zawo

Vuto lalikulu mu njira ya chitukuko cha ndale zipani ndi maganizo m'dziko lathu chifukwa chakuti anthu kwa zaka zoposa ziwiri za nyengo ya kusintha ndipo wakhala si anakhazikitsa zofunika maganizo pachimake. Mu njira zambiri, izi chifukwa chipani lolunjika pa ubwino yochepa popanda kuganizira za dongosolo la ntchito mwadongosolo. Njira kunja imeneyi angakhale ntchito molingana a boma ndi yapachiweniweni anthu, Izi zidzapangitsa kuti chitukuko cha chomvetsetseka kwa ziphunzitso zonse maganizo.

Vuto linanso kwagona kuti dongosolo Mipikisano chipani, zitsanzo zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwamba, m'mayiko ambiri, unapangidwa pa otchedwa bourgeois kusintha. Mu dziko lathu dongosolo multiparty chinayamba patapita zaka makumi asanu ndi okhwima authoritarian chitsanzo. Zimenezi, unakhudzadi kwambiri mkhalidwe wa nzika wamba maulamuliro, pa kufunitsitsa kwawo ndipo akufuna kutenga nawo mbali pa anthu.

Zina mwa mfundo zikuluzikulu ndi malingaliro

Chipani chimodzi chokha ndi Mipikisano chipani machitidwe m'mayiko osiyanasiyana zimasonyeza zikuchitika ku mabwalo ndale, kupereka lingaliro za miyambo ndi mtima wa anthu. Modern Russia ndi mu nyengo ya kusintha kovuta pamene kale makhazikitsidwe inviolable anali mofulumira kuwonongedwa, ndi latsopano lathu maganizo sichinayambe anapanga.

Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, dongosolo Mipikisano chipani silingayende yaitali ndi zovuta njira ya chitukuko. Pa yemweyo zinachitikira nthawi dziko amalola kuganiza kuti onse a mavuto aakulu adzagonjetsedwa ndi nthawi, ndi Russia adzakhala kusinthana kwa yomanga yogwira a anthu amakono demokalase.