"Mfuti" (Mfuti): history, maonekedwe, makhalidwe

"Nagan" - mfuti, analenga gunsmiths ku Belgium abale, Emil (1830-1902) ndi Leon (1833-1900) mfuti. Zida izi zinalengedwa m'mayiko ena mu XIX mochedwa - m'ma XX atumwi. Ankaperekerako zida zankhondo.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX, mayiko ambiri ankati za rearmament wa asilikali ake. Mu masiku amenewo, revolvers zingamuthandize: ndi mfuti payekha manja lalifupi ophatikizana kuphweka kwa chipangizo chokwanira, odalirika ndi kuchulukitsa mlandu. Cholinga cha yopanga mikono European mzinda wa Liege ili Belgium. Kuyambira 1859 kuti wagwira ntchito mu fakitale ya Leon ndi Emile Nagant. Zinali yaing'ono banja msonkhano, amene anakonza mfuti Dutch ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale anayamba firearm.

Woyamba wapadera mfuti inali kuperekedwa kwa m'bale mkulu Emil Mayeso dipatimenti Belgium asilikali. Iye anagwiritsa ntchito monga zida ndi akapitawo msilikali ndipo sanali analamula, amatchedwa "chitsanzo mfuti mu 1878". Izi mfuti 9 mm mu 1878 anali zisanu ndi manambala. Ake okonzeka ndi "wapawiri-zotsatira chipangizo": nyundo cocked kapena dzanja muvi, kapena kukanikiza choyambitsa.

alonda Non-analamula wa oyenda, asilikali okwera pamahatchi ndi gawo wothandiza wa Army Belgium ankakhulupirira kuti "Nagan" - mfuti pamwamba kalasi! Ndipo ndithudi, pa malangizo Buku la asilikali wolimba, izo udaikidwa ndi 9 mm mfuti "Nagant M / 1883" ndi makhalidwe mwadala kuzichepetsa kumenyana: ". DA mode" zomangamanga, ndi item latsopano, kupatulapo kuwombera Mwachidule, ndi kuwombera wa nyemba anali nyundo cocked nthawi iliyonse mpirawo.

Chifukwa, izo zinapangidwa kwambiri 2-3 kusinthidwa wa calibers zosiyanasiyana ndipo amayesetsa mbiya. Patapita kanthawi Emile Nagant mwakayakaya ndi linasiiratu kupenya kwake. Tsopano ntchito yaikulu kusintha kwa chipangizo chinkhoswe Leon Nagant.

Zitsanzo 1886

Choncho, timaphunzira "mfuti". Mfuti mu 1886 kulemedwa pang'ono poyerekeza akalambula ake. Iye anali wodalirika komanso kamangidwe wakhala zipangizo zambiri zamakono. chitsanzo ichi mu choyambitsa chipangizo akasupe anayi m'malo mwa dvuporuyu wina. Komanso, mankhwala atsopano kuganizira chizolowezi chitukuko zida motsogozedwa kucheperachepera likungosonyeza: Akatswiri anasankha wotchuka kwambiri mu masiku amenewo, 7.5 mamilimita mlandu opanda utsi ufa.

The vuto lalikulu kwambiri kuti atha chinali okonza revolvers ndi malowedwe a chopopera mpweya mu kusiyana, amene amapanga kumaso kwa ng'oma ndi breech a chigawo mbiya.

Belgium armorer Anri Piper kupeza yankho loyenerera: ndi choyambitsa anatulukira wake, ng'oma anagwidwa patsogolo pamaso kuwombera. Mfuti Henri anali ndi dongosolo lapadera, panali chipolopolo kwathunthu zobisika kudzanja, ndi obturator malaya anatumikira Dultsev kuti ufa mpweya kufalitsidwa mbamuikha ndi njira tsinde mu kamphindi ndi ananyoza - zimenezi chinalepheretsa yojambula mpweya.

Izi zosabvuta ulamuliro ndi chipangizo chidwi akankhidwira pa mbiya ng'oma, Leon Naganov ntchito chaka 1892. Mu latsopano chitsanzo mfuti Iye sanaope ndi mlandu wamanja, okonzeka ndi dulcitol yaitali. Kodi wakhala "mfuti"? mfuti tsopano lakhala chitsanzo, ndi zitsanzo wotsatira sizinasinthe kwambiri mu dongosolo la.

chipangizo

revolvers onse "mfuti" ndi maziko wamba ndi katundu:

• The chipangizo choyambitsa amalola zotsatira awiri kuwombera monga ndi nyundo cocked, ndi kudziletsa cocking. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi "asilikali" ndi "NCOs" machenjerero chisanadze chosintha, imene limagwirira kudziletsa cocking ali oletsedwa kuchepetsa kumwa zipolopolo.
• Monolithic chimodzi-chidutswa chimango.
• Chitseko, kutsegula zipinda ng'oma lateral kasinthasintha. Mwakathithi monga chitsanzo cha 1910 imene alili kumbuyo kwa chitseko ndipo zimatulutsa ng'oma, mapendekeredwe lamanja.
• Mbiya ankafika wogontha tili m'mavuto mu chimango cha.
• Ramrod obisalamo mu mfuti udindo wa ng'oma olamulira. Iye ndiye anamaliza kuwombera ntchito ya Sola wa - ejects anakhala makatiriji.
• chipangizo anaikidwa mu chimango ndi closable mbale chivundikirocho.

Ng'oma ndi akutumikira monga sitolo, ndipo m'chipinda pa nthawi yomweyo. Mu ambiri ambiri a nyemba mu 1895 ndipo ambiri mwa Kusiyana kwake ng'oma accommodates milandu 7. Ndipotu, chimango kutsogolo ndi anaikapo m'dzenje ng'oma olamulira ndi wotetezedwa thereto shompolnye chubu. chubu Izi aikidwa kutsogolo kwa ng'oma ndi: izo zaikidwa khosi tsinde kuti sapota pa izo, onse pa olamulira a. Zitsanzo zimene ng'oma akankhidwira pa mbiya, zakale ali ndi kubwerera njira, imene zikuchokera ndi ng'oma chubu ndi masika.

Lanu chipangizo ndi ng'oma Ufumuyo kumanja kwa chimango lapansi. Ntchito yake imagwiridwa ndi khomo masika-yodzaza. Pamene lotseguka (linapendekeka mmbali) akhoza mlandu akatulutsidwa chida. Pamene chitseko chatsekedwa - izo atseka wathandizidwa, kuteteza mtengo kugwa, ndi uyamiko kwa ng'oma iye sangakhoze tiyipukuse counterclockwise.

"Nagan" Nkhondo pa ng'oma ali zisa asanu ndi zofukulidwa wofunikila Chigawo khomo udindo chatsekedwa ndi lotseguka.

Nthawi zambiri limagwirira mfuti makamaka wapangidwa ndi zigawo kugwirizana ngati zungulira limagwirira ndi kutembenuzira mbiya ng'oma kuyandikira: slider breech, mbedza pawl ndi choyambitsa ndi mainspring lapansi. Zikuphatikizapo ndi limagwirira choyambitsa.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, pa nthawi imeneyo chipangizo munali ntchentche kuikidwa pa kutsogolo thunthu gawo ndi kuona kumbuyo, ndi kagawo aiming ndi chimango pamwamba. Total chipangizo mfuti mu 1895 asonkha 39 zinthu.

The chipangizo choyambitsa

chida ichi ndi okonzeka ndi choyambitsa choyambitsa, pawiri kanthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo kuti pakhale zitsanzo ndi choyambitsa ndi zochita umodzi. Mu chipangizo ichi wopha ndi pivotally wokwera pa choyambitsa, tsamba masika Ufumuyo nkhondowo - dvuporaya ndi kusamalira.

The mfuti sear chopangidwa pamodzi ndi hule. Lama fuyusi si, koma ngati mulibe kukoka choyambitsa, ndi item wapadera sanalole kuti yowotcha pini kukhudzana ndi kapisozi a. Ngati choyambitsa ndi cocked, limagwiritsa ntchito yapadera lanu limagwirira, sunthani ng'oma zida patsogolo. The choyambitsa mu nthawi ino ndayima kaye ng'oma kuti zilibe atembenuza.

katundu ballistic

ndi lolondola pa mfuti "Nagan" n'chiyani? Izi pamaso chida anasankha anapereka kwa mtunda wa mamita 25. Kuyenera kudziŵika kuti ndi pa mtunda kutsata mfundo chikugwirizana ndi zotsatira midpoint. intervals osiyana akhoza kudzitama molondola chosiyana wa kumenya moto:

Mtunda mamita		ndi maimidwe		ndi mikono
11		4.0		7,0
18		5.6		9,0
25		7.2		13
36		11		19
50		14		-

Mphamvu ya nkhondo

Malinga paketi ya paini matabwa ndi makulidwe a masentimita 2,54 ndi mapazi makumi asanu (mamita 25) ndi kuyang'aniridwa malowedwe 3 matabwa - 100% zipolopolo za, matabwa 4 - 70%, matabwa 5 - 25%. Matabwa anayikidwa pa mtunda wa masentimita 8 Chrixitu. zolengeza wina anakhomerera pa mtunda wa masitepe kuti mazana awiri (140 m).

kupanga

Russian Izhevsk fakitale manja manufactures tsopano kwambiri khalidwe revolvers. Koma Swedish "Nagan" chitsanzo 1887 analengedwa mu Belgium. N'zochititsa chidwi 9 mm nyemba mu 1878 ali zotama asilikali Belgium. Izi zachititsa kuti popularization wa fakitale mtundu "mfuti" mu dziko msika.

Mfuti chomwecho, olengedwa mwa 1895, komanso Kusiyana kwake, opangidwa zokambirana ambiri zida padziko lonse, womwe Russian fakitale Imperial zida Tula, mzinda Polish wa Radom, ndi German "Enel" mu Suhl, Belgium "Lepage", " Frankot "ndi" Bayard "," Arizmendi-Goenaga "mu Spain ndi ena.

"Nagan" mfuti asilikali Russian

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIX ndi Russian Ufumu anatenga rearmament chachikulu a asilikali. Mosin mfuti, linatuluka mu 1891, anasankhidwa monga mikono muyezo waung'ono. Panthawiyo, Russia ankayimiridwa ndi mfuti lotha chitsanzo 4,2-liniya (10.67-mm) Smith & Wesson mfuti System III, anayamba mu 1880s ndi.

Ngakhale Commission kwa kupanga mfuti yaing'ono-likungosonyeza, amene ankapita ndi mkulu-General N. G. Chagin, adachimanga kufunafuna zitsanzo za lonjezo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti asilikali mfuti zofunika zotsatirazi:

• Chidwi wotseka mphamvu. Masiku amenewo, mtundu waukulu wa asilikali okwera pamahatchi, kotero anawomberedwa pa mtunda ogwira (masitepe 50) anafunika gwetsa kavalo.
• "The mphamvu za nkhondo" ayenera kukhala zokwanira anagumula 4-5 inchi paini matabwa. wochepa thupi (0.82-0.92 kg).
• Likungosonyeza, malangizo, nambala mbiri ya mfuti ya mbiya ndi monga ayenera kukhala zofanana-mzere-magawo Mosin mfuti. Choncho, kupanga revolvers, mungathe kugwiritsa ntchito mfuti zosalongosoka mitengo ikuluikulu.
• Mfuti akhoza okonzeka ndi kudzikonda cocking yowotcha, mwinamwake izo poipa molondola.
• Koyamba mathamangidwe la chipolopolo ayenera pansipa 300 m / s.
• Pa mfuti Payenera kukhala kwambiri molondola.
• M'pofunika kuti chipangizo yosavuta zamakono.
• Mikono ayenera kukhala odalirika, sanakhudzidwe fumbi ndi mavuto a opareshoni, zosavuta kusamalira.
• Manja ayenera yotengedwa osati nthawi imodzi koma alternately.
• Umalimbana limagwirira tidzakwatulidwa lakonzedwa kuti njira yodutsamo wa chipolopolo ndege awoloke mzere pamaso pa mtunda wa 35 ankangoyendayenda.
• Ng'oma adzaikidwe milandu osachepera asanu.
• Chuck kuti akhala ndi chipolopolo chipolopolo, mkuwa flange wamanja ndi opanda utsi ufa.

Ambiri, kudzikonda cocking yowotcha ndi munthawi yomweyo kuchotsa makatiriji anakhala anakanidwa chifukwa iwo kusokoneza chipangizo (uyu ali zoyipa pa kudalirika ndi mtengo wa mfuti) ndipo kumayambitsa mowa kwambiri za zipolopolo.

Ndi kulengeza za mpikisano ndipo lingathe pempho lingamutsatire ife anali ndi chidwi chachikulu zida zoweta ndi Osema yachilendo. Panali zitsanzo zingapo mfuti & Wesson Smith, revolvers ndi avtopistolety. Kumapeto kwa nkhondo yoopsa anayamba Belgium gunsmiths Anri Piper M1889 chitsanzo ndi "Bayard" ndi Leon Nagant M1892 ndi. Mwa njira, amakono mpweya mfuti "Nagan Gletcher NGT» ndi chifanizo cha chitsanzo, amene anapambana pa mpikisano.

Leon Nagant adasandulika mankhwala awo kwa Russian 7.62 mm likungosonyeza. Monga mu 1883, iye anathetsa kudziletsa cocking yowotcha, kuwononga khalidwe la zida mogwirizana ndi zonena za mpikisano.

six- ndi semizaryadnye revolvers - yekha options awiri akufuna. Pieper chitsanzo wakanidwa chifukwa massiveness ndi kusadalirika chipangizo. mpikisano adagonja ndi Leon Nagant, mwina chifukwa chakuti iye ali zikulumikizana nawo Russian silikhali Utumiki nthawi yaitali zokhazikika.

Atamuloza kwa setifiketi kwa mfuti ndi wrung mtengo 75 000 rubles. Iye sakanakhoza kupeza ndalama, pamene iye anakana. Enanso kukonzanso ndandanda machesi, koma ndi zinthu zobisika kwambiri. Tsopano, kuwonjezera magawo a Prize kuti: rubles zikwi makumi awiri pa unit wa manja ndi zikwi zisanu kwa kapangidwe mlandu. Komanso, wopambana anali kupereka mwana wanga umwini zonse za boma la Russia, zomwe anapeza ufulu akuzipanga izo, ndi mu dziko lawo ndi kunja popanda malipiro kwa inventor ndi.

Piper pa mpikisano pisapangiza pontho kukonzedwa ndi revolvers wapadera basi. The Commission amaona kuti "zosafunika, koma zoseketsa." Mfuti S. I. Mosina ndi mitengo ikuluikulu sikisi anali osavomerezeka. Kupukuta mfuti Nagano zida anali zazing'ono. Tinaphunzira mayeso poyerekeza ndi 4.2-liniya mfuti Smith & Wesson, ndi chipangizo anali naye. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pambuyo mayesero asilikali alonda ankafuna mfuti ndi zotsatira awiri wodzilamulira cocking ndi kuwombera.

The Commission anabwerera Baibulo kudziletsa cocking la chitsanzo, koma anaona kupambana chopanda malire, choncho ndinaganiza kuti mfuti Russia Izo ziyenera kudzadza mfuti ngati: kudziletsa cocking akuluakulu ndi privates ndi alonda sanali analamula - nesamovzvodny.

chipangizo anapanga pang'ono kusintha ang'ono ndi kuvomereza izo m'chaka cha 1895. Mthumba kuti "Nagano" chitsanzo uyu anapangidwa nsalu. Iwo mans chikopa chingwe-trenchikom ndi ramrod kukonza zida.

May 13, 1895 lamulo la Nicholas II a "akapitao" ndi "Msilikali" "Nagan" zitsanzo mfuti anatengedwa ndi asilikali Russian. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti dipatimenti lankhondo la zida anali mu June 1896 yokhala kulandiridwa mu utumiki.

zosintha

vuto kwambiri kupeza chilolezo kwa mfuti - m'pofunika kuzilambalala m'makalasi ambiri. Ndipo ambiri sangakhoze kuchita izo, kotero anthu onse adziwe Pneumatic. Koma musakhale zina ndi mndandanda zitsanzo za zodabwitsa mfuti "Nagan". Apa iwo ali:

• Nagant M1910 - 1910 Belgium chitsanzo chida chaka. Iwo ali munthawi yomweyo m'zigawo za makatiriji anathera.

Karate chitsanzo:

• Msilikali "Nagan" - zidzasintha zida 20 ya atumwi ndi chipangizo choyambitsa nesamovzvodny. kupanga wake unatha mu 1918.
• "Mfuti", analenga akuluakulu, zida ndi chipangizo kudziletsa cocking choyambitsa.
• Pamaso World ngowe anapangidwa asilikali malire mu pang'ono: carbine integrally kuponyedwa ndi chogwirira ndi mbiya kutalika 300 mamilimita ndi mfuti ndi mbuyo detachable ndi mbiya anawonjezera kuti mamilimita 200.
• "Mfuti" analengedwa kuti atsogoleri, yaying'ono mfuti chimake anafuna concealable. tsinde lake yafupika 85 mamilimita ndi chogwirira adzafupikitsidwa. Chitsanzo anayamba kupanga mu 1927. Zinabala mu magulu ang'ono mpaka 1932. Total kutulutsa pafupifupi 25 000 zidutswa za mankhwala amenewa. Malinga ndi chitsanzo cha alonda zida za OGPU ndi NKVD.
• Pakuti reconnaissance ndi zonyoza zimayenda battalion mu 1929 izo analengedwa ndi mfuti ndi silencer -equipped makina silencers "Bram", kupatulapo maonekedwe a lawi la. Zokha abale IG ndi VG Mitin.
• Nagant wz. 30 - zida lakonzedwa mfuti mu 1895, anapanga Zitsulo. Kuyambira 1930 mpaka 1939 anatulutsa serially mu Radom pa fakitale ndi manja. Total Poland kutulutsa ndalama 20,000 revolvers "mfuti" zitsanzo ziwiri: ng wz.30 ndi ng wz.32.

Sport zitsanzo - chida zana la 20

Izi mankhwala zodabwitsa:

• Kuphunzitsa mfuti Nagant-Smurna maphunziro, anayamba mu 1926. mlengi wake ndi A. A. Smirnsky. Kuyambira 1925 mpaka chaka cha 1939 mankhwala awa chopangidwa ndalama 3,500 pansi 5.6 mamilimita rimfire mlandu.
• "Nagan" mfuti analengedwa kuti masewera mu 1953. mlengi wake ndi VA Paramonov. nyemba anapangidwa kuchokera kwa 1956 kuti 1966. Total zidutswa 8220 MC-4 ndi MC zinalembedwa-4-1.
• TOZ 36 - zamtunduwu mikono mu 1962 nyemba chaka. chitsanzo lakonzedwa EL Haydurov.
• TOZ 49 - chitsanzo mfuti mu 1972, anapangidwa kwa masewerawo. Ake cholinga EL Haydurov. Izo adzafupikitsidwa ng'oma pansi pa adzafupikitsidwa katiriji 7,62H26 mm.
• TOZ 96 ndi katundu njira TOZ 49 pansi mlandu .32 S & W Long Wadcutter. Iwo chopangidwa 1996.

Sports ndi zitsanzo kusaka

Ndipo tsopano zida zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

• Carbine KR 22 "Chimphamba" ndi chitsanzo cha mlandu kutembenuka kwa .22 LR. Izi mfuti "mfuti" wokonzeka mbiya lengthened kwa 500 mm, matabwa ndi matabwa mkono integrally kuponyedwa mbuyo. mankhwala akulemera 2 kg. Kuti linayamba mu 2010.
• Mfuti "Bingu" ndi kutembenuka chitsanzo, chopangidwa Chiyukireniya kampani "SBM". Izi mfuti masewera pansi wakusunga 4 mm Flaubert analenga maphunziro.

zida chitetezo Civil

Kodi "mfuti" zoopsa ndi mafuta? Mu 2000s oyambirira, yofanana angapo mfuti izi zokha, chopangidwa ndi kusintha nkhondowo "Naganov".

1. Mu Russian kubala zida kumbuyo zotsatirazi: P1 mu zoopsa "Naganych" pansi wakusunga 9 mamilimita ndi R. A. HPE-502 Podutsira "mfuti-M" pansi mlandu 10H32 mamilimita T pansi ndalama zothandizira mu RS zoopsa 10H23 mamilimita T.
2. Mu Ukraine, mafuta opangidwa ku zoopsa ndi mfuti "mkulu brigade", "limbikitsa 1 R", "D-Nagant" lalifupi "SKAT 1Rk" ndi "mfuti Russian Federation."
3. mpweya mfuti "Nagan Gletcher NGT» anapangidwa mu USA. Izi mpweya yamphamvu amapasa lodziwika bwino mfuti.

Ndiyamika amafuna azamalamulo, chipangizo chida likuomba zipolopolo za labala panali kusintha oletsa zokwana kuwombera.

Signal (phokoso) zitsanzo

• HPE-503 "Nagan-S" ( "Balaka") - chizindikiro mfuti pansi chipewa "Zhevelo". Anapanga Vyatskiye Polyansky "Molot" mbewu m'chilimwe cha 2006.
• "Mfuti MR-313" (Nagano-07). Mu nyemba, poyerekezera ndi "chonyenga" kusinthidwa tsinde kapu chipangizo (Y latsopano stub chipangizo zambiri contours). chitsanzo Izi zida ndi ang'onoang'ono-awiri thunthu, iye si pa chimango siriyo chiwerengero mu breech ya chimango mphero mbiya sanakhaleko.

"Nagan MR-313" ali okonzeka ndi ng'oma, amene chiwerengero si kuwonjezera nambala pa chimango lapansi. mfuti malaya pansi "Zhevelo" si mbamuikha mu zipinda, ndipo tili m'mavuto mu ulusi.

N'zochititsa chidwi 2008, "nyundo" yopanga revolvers anatembenukira n'kupita Izhevsk fakitale manja.

• P-2 - ndi ma siginalo chida mu kapu "Zhevelo", chitsanzo yotsatira pambuyo "Balaka" ndipo MR-313. Mlengi ndi Kalashnikov Concern.

Pomaliza, ngati inu aulesi kwambiri kuti mupeze chilolezo kwa mfuti (anthu ambiri ngati tepi wofiira), inu mukhoza kugula masewera "Nagant" pansi pa mlandu wa Flaubert. mankhwala amenewa zipolopolo mokweza, mwangwiro kuchilango agalu yosokera chiyani popanda chilolezo kwa ogulidwa ndi kuvala.