Seljuk Turkey. History of Asia

Mmodzi wa woopsa kwambiri agonjetsi Asian akale anali Seljuk Turkey. Ali ndi zaka zochepa anakhoza kulenga ufumu waukulu wa nthawi yake, yomwe Komabe, posakhalitsa unatha. Koma makombo awa a ufumuwo anapereka moyo ngakhale limati wamphamvu kwambiri. Tiyeni tipeze chimene zimapanga Seljuk Turkey, ali ndi kumene.

ethnogenesis Seljuk

Choyamba, tiyenera kudziwa kuti kodi Seljuk Turkey. maonekedwe awo lili zinsinsi zambiri chifukwa mbiri yakale.

Malinga ndi Baibulo ambiri, iwo ali mmodzi wa nthambi ya Oguz Turkic anthu. Oguz nokha, nthawi zambiri, ndi chifukwa cha chisokonezo pa dera la Asia Central, m'dera Ugric ndi mafuko Sarmatian kwa akunja Turkey, ndi n'zosangalatsa kumva ndi chikhalidwe predominance ya masika. Monga ena Turkic anthu, Oguz chinkhoswe mu nyama husbandry wosamukasamuka, komanso anawazunza mafuko ena. Poyamba, iwo anali atumiki a amphamvu Khazar Khanate, koma anadzakhala akutali ndi bungwe boma zawo pa mbali zonse za Syr Darya, lomwe likulu lake mu Yangikent, nathawitsidwa Yabgu.

Education Seljuk State

M'zaka za m'ma IX wolemekezeka Oguz Tokak Ibn Luqman fuko Kınık anasamukira pamodzi ndi anthu Kumvetsela ku utumiki wa Khazar Khanate. Koma ndi kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya Khazars, anabwerera ku Central Asia, kumene iye anali kutumikira Oguz Yabgu Ali, potero anakhala wachiwiri zofunika kwambiri kuposa State wa Oguz.

Tokak mwana wamwamuna dzina lake Selcuk, imene pa nthawi ina anali ndi atate wake ku Khazars. Atamwalira Tokak Selcuk analandira kuchokera Yabgu mutu syubashi (mkulu wa asilikali). Koma pa nthawi ubale wolamulira ndi boma Seljuk Oguz matenda. Poopa moyo wake ndi miyoyo ya okondedwa, Selcuk anakakamizika kupuma ndi a fuko kum'mwera m'mayiko Muslim mu 985, kumene anatembenukira kwa Islam. Iye analowa utumiki wa Samanids, amene lokha ankaona abwanamkubwa Khalifa ku Central Asia, koma kwenikweni olamulira kwathunthu palokha.

Ndiye yosankha anthu, Selcuk pansi pa mbendera ya chikhulupiriro chatsopano ku boma la Oghuz, anatsogolera polimbana Yabgu. Choncho, udani patokha Ali ndi Selcuk inasanduka jehad Muslim. Posakhalitsa, mkulu wa achinyamata anakwanitsa kugwila waukulu Jenda ndi kukhazikika pano. Iye anali wokhoza kuti kuphatikiza anthu ena Turkic, motero kukhazikitsa yaing'ono zawo boma panobe. likulu unali mzinda wa Jenda. Ndipo onse amene anabwera pansi pa mbendera ya mafuko Seljuk anadziwika mu mbiri monga Seljuk Turkey.

kulimbitsa boma

Pakali pano, mu chiyambi cha m'ma XI boma Samanid anagwa pansi ndi alimbane wa mphamvu ina Union Turkic - Karakhanids. Poyamba anathandiza Seljuks polimbana ndi mabwana awo - Samanids, umene madalitso aakulu ndi kudziyimira pawokha pa kayendetsedwe mayiko awo, koma atagwa utumiki anasamukira ku Karakhanids.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya boma Seljuk kulamulidwa ndi ana ake asanu: Israil (Turkic dzina la Arslan), Mikail, Musa Yusuf ndi Yunus. Chief anali mwana wamkulu wa Israil. Iye anafotokozanso analimbitsa mphamvu ya Seljuks m'chigawochi.

Israil anakwatira mwana wamkazi wa mkulu Karakhanids Ali Tegin. Iye anatumiza ku likulu la Bukhara kutumikira Ali tegin awiri nephews wake, ana a Mikail - Togrul ndi Daud (Chagry Bey), adzagonjetsa lalikulu limene tikambirana pansipa.

Panthawi imeneyi, zosemphana ndi Qarakhanids mothandizidwa ndi Seljuks, anadza mtsogoleri wamphamvu Gazny Mahmud. Zinatheka mu 1025 adani a Isiraeli, amene anamangidwa ndipo anamwalira zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri mtsogolo. Chochitika ichi chinali chiyambi cha kulimbana pakati pa Ghaznavids ndi Seljuks, amene anali mtsogoleri wa Mikail, mizu Bukhara.

zikayenda bwino kwambiri

Atamwalira Mikail mphamvu anatengera ana ake - ndi Togrul Muzipemphera Chagry, wamkulu amene ankaona choyamba. Mkangano pakati pa iwo ndi Ghaznavids onse analumikiza mpaka anatsimikiza nkhondo lalikulu la Dandakane imene Seljuk Turkey anapambana Matope omwe ankakokoloka anawononga chigonjetso mu 1040. Pambuyo pangano mtendere analandira mu malo a lonse la Khorasan, wachotsedwa Ghaznavids, ndi Togrul moyenerera anali tsopano kutchedwa Sultan.

Mu zaka akubwera, Seljuk Turkey anagonjetsa lonse la Iran ndi Khorezm. Mu 1055 izo analandidwa likulu la caliphate - mzinda wa Baghdad. Koma Togrul, pokhala okhulupirika Muslim, anasiya paulamuliro wa Uzimu Caliph, ndi kubwerera kwa izo analandira mphamvu apamwamba kanthawi ndi mfumu ya East ndi West mutu.

Ndiye, Seljuks anayamba kuukira awo pa South Caucasus ndi Asia Minor, nthawi a Ufumu wa Byzantium. Mbali imodzi Togrul mwachindunji Ufumuyo chikhalidwe chawo, mu zina anabzala pa mpando wachifumu wa abale, wachitatu - kusiya mphamvu olamulira m'deralo, kulandira ulemu.

Seljuk Ufumu

Pofika kumapeto kwa moyo wa Togrul anapanga weniweni Seljuk Ufumu, linayambira ku Nyanja Aral kum'mawa kwa Caucasus ndi Asia Minor malire kumadzulo. Great mkulu anafa 1063, kudutsa mphamvu wapamwamba kwa mzukulu wake Alp Arslan, amene ndi mwana Chagry Bey.

Komabe, Alp Arslan sanaime pa zomwe m'bale wa bambo akewo, ndipo anapitiriza kukuza ufumu. Iye anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Georgia ndi Armenia, ndipo mu 1071, osati inapha onongani Byzantine anagonjetsedwa Manzikert, komanso analanda mfumu yake. Posakhalitsa, pafupifupi onse Malaya Aziya a Seljuk Turkey.

Mu 1072, pamene Alp Arslan anatumiza asilikali ake polimbana Karakhanids, poyesa anapangidwa pa iye. Mabala Sultan posachedwa anafa, bequeathing wachifumu mwana wake zazing'ono Malik Shah.

Ngakhale wakhanda, ndi Sultan latsopano kupondereza kupanduka kunabuka. Iye anali wokhoza kuti achotse Syria ndi Palestine ndi boma Fatimid, zomwe si kuzindikira ulamuliro wa Khalifa, ndipo timakakamizika kuvomereza vassalage Karakhanids. Akafika pazipita boma Seljuk mphamvu yake.

Kuchepa kwa Seljuk Ufumu

Atamwalira mu 1092, Malik Shah anayamba kuchepa kwa ufumu lalikulu limene kwenikweni kugawidwa pakati pa ana a Sultan, nthawi zonse nkhondo internecine. zinthu anali kukula chiyambi cha Nkhondo za Mtanda Western Knights ndi 1096, komanso kulimbitsa Ufumu wa Byzantine pansi Comnenus mafumu. Komanso, yothothola kwa Ufumu dera zitsulo zimene nthambi kumanja Seljukids.

Pomaliza, pambuyo pa imfa ya abale ena zotsala za ufumu mu 1118 anali m'manja mwa Ahmad Sanjar. Zinali otsiriza Supreme Sultan, amene anazindikira Seljuk Turkey. Mbiri ya Seljuk Ufumu, kutha mu 1153 ndi imfa yake.

Azingokhala chomaliza cha mphamvu Seljuk

Long asanamwalire Sanjar ufumu unagwa mayiko lonse limene linali kulamulidwa ndi Seljuk mafumu nthambi lateral. Choncho, 1041 idamangidwa Karmansky Sultanate ku Iran kum'mwera chakumadzulo, chimene chinafika mpaka 1187. Mu 1094, Syria seceded Sultanate. Komabe, linakhalapo zinali zochepa zaka 23. Pa 1118 nkhani m'munsi mwa sultanate aku Iraq, amene kugwa ndi pachibwenzi 1194 chaka.

Koma wa zidutswa zonse za Seljuk Ufumu, motalikitsa inatenga Sultanate wa ramu (kapena ramu), inali ku Asia Minor. Woyambitsa wa boma ndi mphwake Alp Arslan Suleiman Ibn Qutulmish, umene unayamba ndi 1077 ulamuliro.

Wolowa a wolamulira kulimbitsa ndi kukuza sultanate, amene anafika mphamvu yake apamwamba pa chiyambi cha m'ma XIII. Koma nkhondo ya ku Mongolia pakati pa zaka za m'ma chomwecho, posachedwapa inasokoneza boma Seljuk. Pomaliza, izo ndisungunuka mu beyliks ambiri (zigawo), yekha yokhala wamng'ono kwa Sultan. Sultanate wa ramu potsiriza unatha mu 1307.

Kubwera kwa Ottoman

Ngakhale chiwonongeko chotsiriza cha Sultanate wa ramu, mmodzi wa olamulira wake, Kay Kubad mu 1227 analola kusamukira ku dera la boma mmodzi wa mafuko Oguz - kutsogoleredwa ndi Kaya Ertogrul. Lisanaperekedwe, fuko limeneli ankakhala m'dera la masiku ano Iran.

Mwana Ertogrul Osman anakhazikitsidwa mu Asia Minor latsopano Turkey boma, lomwe analandiranso dzina la Ottoman. Ndi m'malo Mphamvu analanda mbali yaikulu ya Asia, Africa ndi Europe, mwachirengedwe choposa kukula kwa Seljuk Ufumu. Monga mukuonera, ndi Seljuk Turkey ndi Ottoman - limasonyeza mu unyolo wa mabungwe motsatizana anthu.

Mtengo wa akupeza wa Seljuks

Seljuk Turkey kugonjetsa lofunika kwambiri kwa mbiriyakale. Iwo anatsegula nthawi malowedwe kwambiri mafuko Turkic kumadzulo kwa Asia. Iwo anali kuchita chidwi mapangidwe anthu ena amakono mitundu: Azeris, Turkey, qizilbash ndi chiwerengero cha mafuko ena.

Komanso, musaiwale kuti de A facto m'malo mwa boma Seljuk anadzakhala wamkulu Ottoman, adali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa njira zakale, osati Asia komanso mu Europe.