Mimbulu; mimbulu mitundu, maonekedwe, khalidwe, malo okhala

Anthu ambiri mantha chenicheni cha adani oopsa ano. Izi zimadalira chifukwa nkhani anamuwuza ndi alenje. Nthawi zambiri anafotokoza ngati mimbulu anzeru, ndi kuchenjera ngakhale nyama. Komabe, sikuti aliyense amadziwa kuti nkhandwe mu chilengedwe kawirikawiri kuukira anthu. Izi ogwirira olusa amakonda kukhala kutali ndi anthu, iwo ankakonda moyo wanga tanthauzo lenileni limene akukhala yosakidwa.

Mimbulu; mimbulu mitundu

Tikumbukenso kuti chikhalidwe cha nkhandwe mu dzikoli a ochepa. Amakhala okwana mitundu iwiri:

• Canis lupus (Wolf);
• Canis aureus (mimbulu vulgare);
• Canis latrans (coyote);
• Canis Rufu (wofiira nkhandwe);
• Canis adustus (wovulidwa mimbulu);
• Canis mesomelas (wakuda-amatidwa mimbulu);
• Canis simensis (Aitiopiya Wolf).

Banja ndi nkhandwe mimbulu, ankhandwe, mkango wamphamvu umalira nkhandwe, raccoon galu.

malo

Asayansi amati chiyambi cha nkhandwe ndi ogwirira zimadya kuti moyo padziko lathuli zaka mamilioni zana zapitazo, ndipo pafupifupi mamiliyoni makumi awiri zapitazo ku mimbulu agalu ali mbadwa. Ngati osiyana mitundu Canis lupus aumbike mwa Europe ndi ku Asia miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo pa mapeto a Pleistocene, iye wakhala mdani ambiri.

Mu nthawi athu okhalamo mimbulu opezeka ku Ulaya, North America ndi Asia. Iwo okhala m'madera poyera ndi theka-lotseguka. Mu malire kumpoto cha mdani ndi gombe la nyanja ya Arctic. Mu Indian kudela (Asia South), nkhandwe miyoyo madigiri kwa 16 kumpoto kumpoto. Pazaka zaka ziwiri ndi theka ochepa kwambiri chiwerengero cha adani amenewa woopsa. Kuteteza ziweto, munthu kuwawononga iwo ndi asilikali ochokera madera asezare.

Ngakhale lero mu Japan, British Isles, ku Netherlands, France, Denmark, Belgium, Switzerland, mu Europe chapakati kotheratu ndi mimbulu. Mitundu ya mimbulu pa zaka khumi zapitazi ku Europe kupitiriza kutha mofulumira.

Wolf akadali zachilendo m'chipululu ndi malo phiri la Kazakhstan, mu Titafika pamalo nkhalango Titafika pamalo. Kaperekedwe mimbulu, umene uli mu Mabaibulo ambiri wapadera, ananena kuti m'dera la nkhandwe ndi variable kwambiri - iwo ali subtypes ambiri, kukula osiyana, mtundu, njira ya moyo kuthengo.

Asayansi, maphunziro ndi zingapo subspecies cha nkhandwe. Anthu waukulu moyo mu Titafika pamalo a, wamng'ono - m'madera kum'mwera. Misa wamkulu nyama zimene osiyanasiyana monga makilogalamu 18 ndi 80, thupi lawo kutalika angafikire masentimita 160, mchira m'litali ndi za makumi asanu masentimita.

nkhandwe mtundu

Ndi kwakukulukulu yozungulira malo okhala. makhalidwe nkhandwe, kukhala Arctic, limati pali nthawi zambiri ndi anthu woyera. Komanso m'madera ena pali mitundu - wakuda ndi woyera nkhandwe, yofanana ndi imvi ndi woyera, mtundu wa sinamoni, zofiirira, nthawizina pali kwathunthu wakuda ubweya.

Derali amene amakhala mu North America, ndi mbali mtundu atatu. The choyamba - chisakanizo cha imvi, wakuda ndi sinamoni ndi zofiirira kulocha. Chachiwiri - wakuda (osakaniza bulauni mdima wakuda). Chachitatu gawo - imvi ndi zofiirira.

odula

Kwambiri odula nyama za m'tchire. Wolf ali ubweya wakuda (kutalika kwa masentimita eyiti). Iwo ali undercoat wandiweyani. Wosanjikiza akunja aumbike mwa yaitali, okhwima, wakuda nsonga za tsitsi mlonda amene amawateteza madzi ndi kusachita yonyowa undercoat.

nkhandwe mano

Mimbulu ndi zida zamphamvu. Mitundu mimbulu, kaya malo awo, 42 Mano mwakhama ndi lakuthwa. Patsogolo ndi 4 pyatisantimetrovym yokhota kumapeto mano - awiri pansi ndi ziwiri pamwamba. Chilombo mosavuta kuluma mwa densest a khungu la munthu wovulalayo. A zimadya (molar) mano mimbulu wamkulu angathe kutafuna ngakhale pantchafu fupa mbawala.

kumalekezero

Nyama za galu, ndi nkhandwe ndi kuphatikizapo digitigrade. M'mawu ena, iwo ayenda, adatsamira pa zala zake. Only pamene mdani akupita, iye akakhudza pansi ndi zidendene zake. Forelimbs nkhandwe ndi wamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa katundu uniformly anagawira ndi nyama si kumira mu chisanu zofewa.

Aliyense mphamvu kutsogolo kwa nkhandwe ali zala zisanu, koma ali ndi anayi. Yoteroyo ndi bwino anayamba nyenyeswa ndi zala pamodzi ndi clump wandiweyani ndi chowulungika adachitira umboni. mapeto awo amphamvu ndi pang'ono khungu ndi kukhudzana ndi misomali nthaka. Wolf amawagwiritsira pamene kukumba pansi.

Mimbulu kusuntha kuthamanga, kujomba ndi akuthamanga. Pa mlingo awo kuyenda pafupifupi isanu ndi makilomita theka pa ola limodzi. Kuthamanga iwo amathamanga pa liwiro la makilomita mpaka sikisitini paola. Kwa nthawi yaitali nkhandwe akhoza kuthamanga pafupifupi yosayima. Pali milandu pamene ogwirira izi oopsa ulendo mtunda makilomita zana usiku umodzi.

Kununkhiza ndi kumva

Wolf Kaperekedwe limanena kuti kusaka si m'makutu kapenanso maso, womwe ndi mphuno amathandiza nkhandwe woyamba kupeza nyama. Iwo kugwira mphepo fungo ngakhale nyama ochepa, limene lili pa mtunda wa makilomita awiri. An tanthauzo pachimake kununkhiza limachititsa kuti tiziyenda njira ya nyamazo.

Komabe, zilibe alibe zilombo zolusa komanso makutu tcheru. Kumva phokoso, zosamukira makutu awo ndi kuyamba molondola kudziwa kumene phokoso kawirikawiri pamtunda wa makilomita ochepa.

Wolf paketi

Banja la mimbulu ali, zina kwa anthu fifitini, koma nthawi zambiri zimachitika, nyama eyiti. Zimawuluka - gulu banja akumeneko nyama za mibadwo yosiyana. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi makolo, ndalama (kapena ana a chaka) ndi pereyarki (nyama amene alibe atapeza msinkhu). Nthawi zina zikuphatikizapo ndi wamkulu nyama, kuchita nawo kubalana.

M'zaka, cakudya cadidi mu paketi akhoza anasonkhana ku mimbulu 30 kapena kuposa. Mphukira kukhala banja kwa miyezi 10-14 kenako masamba izo. Choncho pali nkhandwe yekhayo. Iye amapita kukafunafuna kudera ufulu, pomwepo m'pamene ponena ufulu chawo. Monga ulamuliro, nyama amapezeka mkazi wake ndi gulu latsopano. Ngakhale pali milandu kumene nkhandwe yekhayo amakhala kwa nthawi yaitali kunja wa gululo.

Wolf banja - ndi kudzikonda malamulo limagwirira. Pa nthawi imene anthu kachulukidwe ndi otsika kwambiri, kukula kwake yaing'ono, kulekana kwa ana aang'ono ndi zambiri mofulumira. Pamene zinthu zachilengedwe ndi yabwino kwambiri, anthu kachulukidwe ukuwonjezeka, motero kuwonjezeka ukulu wa gululo Komabe, malire ena. Monga ulamuliro, kukula yake nestaynym Bakuman, lopatsidwa udindo wamng'ono.

Stacey atsogolera awiri ogwirira - nkhandwe, mwamuna ndi bwenzi lake, lomwe, poyamba, iye akufuna moyo. Choncho, afisi ali pakati ndi wapamwamba, ndi atumiki. Atsogoleri a gululo ndi khalidwe amphamvu kwambiri, chomwe chimathandiza kusunga mu dongosolo kupewa kusiyana ndi ndewu, makamaka pakati pa mimbulu achinyamata.

Kusaka chiwembu banja

nkhosa umapulumuka chifukwa cha kukula kwa malo ake kusaka, kotero ogwirira kuwateteza mwaukali. Malire a mbali zoterozo lingayambire pakukhala makumi asanu chikwi ndi mazana asanu makilomita lalikulu. Mimbulu yang'anirani m'madera awo, osati amasirira wakunjayo amene angayerekeze kuswa malire ake.

CHINENERO cHAMANJA

Kawirikawiri, mimbulu zakukhosi kwawo manja ndi nkhope. chilankhulo Wolf kumathandiza kuti likhale logwirizana nkhosa ndi kumachita izo bungwe. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mchira nyama anakweza mkulu, ndi nsonga zake ndi pang'ono yokhota kumapeto, kutanthauza kuti chilombo chikhulupiriro. Friendly maganizo nkhandwe nayo mchira adatchithisira, koma nsonga pang'ono sanauke. Chilombo, mchira pakati pa miyendo yake, kapena akuopa chinachake, kapena inati chisoni.

Komanso, udindo wa mchira angatiuze za udindo wa nyama mu gululo. mtsogoleri nthawi zonse mkulu amanyamula izo, ndi ndodo yake anali mchira adatchithisira. Akugwedeza mchira, zedi chilombo kuitana achibale awo kusewera.

kulandiridwa mwambo

paketi ya mtsogoleri wawo kulemekeza ndi kudzipereka kwa mwambo kulandiridwa. Pursed makutu ake, kukwawa, ndi tsitsi zolimba-ankawachotsera, iwo mosamala tikuyandikira mtsogoleri ndi mnzake, nyambititsa iwo ndi modekha kuluma nkhope zawo.

nkhandwe zakudya

Maziko a zakudya mimbulu lalikulu ungulates - wolemekezeka ndi mphalapala, mphalapala saiga, mbawala, mbuzi ndi nkhosa. Popeza ngati chakudya nkhandwe amapha makoswe, akalulu, kawirikawiri wakudya zinyalala. Kumadera kumene nyama, mimbulu sapezeka kapena amapezeka zedi ochepa. Ogwirira kukopa woipa zambiri za ziweto. Mu kumpoto, mu zigawo ndi chitukuko cha nkhosa ndi mphalapala pamaso pa mimbulu - chodabwitsa wamba.

Pa gawo la Russia ali mimbulu zachilendo. Mitundu ya mimbulu zokhala dziko lathu zimadziwika bwino. Pali zisanu ndi chimodzi chokha:

• Srednerussky matabwa nkhandwe;
• imvi;
• Titafika pamalo;
• Siberia nkhalango;
• Caucasus;
• Mongolian.

imvi nkhandwe

nthumwi za nkhandwe ndi ofala kwambiri mu dziko. Kufotokozera pa mimbulu imvi tsopano angapezeke mu akalozera onse maphunziro. Iwo chionekera kukula kwake chidwi. Maonekedwe a mdani uyu si wopanda otchuka. Zikuoneka, kotero iye anakhala wopambana osati olemba chabe amene kulemba za nyama.

Gray nkhandwe zikhoza kupezeka mu Europe, America ndi Asia. Anagwetsa, thupi kwambiri ndi chifuwa chachikulu yotakata, wamtali, akulu miyendo, kumatsimikizira kuti kutsogolo kwa inu ndi mdani weniweni. nkhandwe uyu ali mphumi lalikulu, koma pa yomweyo kaso mutu ndi makutu yaing'ono okongoletsedwa ndi mikwingwirima mdima, zomwe zili padziko masaya pafupifupi woyera ndi yowala mawanga pa maso. Mchira si yaitali n'komwe molunjika.

ubweya ndi yaitali (masentimita eyiti) ndi wandiweyani, pawiri odula. Chovala nyama zimene zimakhala mu zigawo chapakati ndi kum'mwera, akhakula. Nkhandwe kumpoto ndi ubweya wofewa ndi fluffy.

Russian nkhandwe

Izi ndi subspecies wapadera wa nkhandwe imvi, amene amakhala kumpoto kwa Russia. Russian nkhandwe - mmodzi wa subspecies asanu okhala m'dera la dziko lathu. Canis lupus communis (Russian nkhandwe) - kotero ndi nyama amatchedwa akatswiri Western. Amuna ambiri masekeli kuchokera makilogalamu 40 mpaka 80, mkazi wa makilogalamu ku 30 55.

Siberia nkhandwe

Izi si osachepera nyama zazikulu kuposa nkhandwe Russian. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti lero mtundu uwu koma akutali conventionally monga systematics ogwirira Siberia sizinachitike anamaliza. Nyama zimenezi ndi mitundu angapo. N'zotheka kulankhula kuwala imvi. Ocher mitundu sadzachitanso kuonekera kapena kwathunthu kwina. Ubweya si kwambiri, koma wakuda kwambiri ndipo zofewa. Ndi ambiri ku Far East, Kamchatka, (kupatula Titafika pamalo a), kum'mawa Siberia ndi Transbaikalia.

Steppenwolf

nyama izi kakang'ono kuposa anthu a subspecies nkhalango. Iwo ali tsitsi waukali ndiponso ochepa. Pa mtundu kumbuyo ndi predominance amalembedwa wa imvi ndi dzimbiri, ndipo nthawi zambiri bulauni. Pankhaniyi, mbali ndi kuwala imvi. Lero ichi ndi nkhandwe zikhoza kupezeka mu Caspian steppes ndi Urals, dera wotsika Volga. Species ali bwino kudziwika. Iwo sanabadwe anayambitsa dongosolo la zinthu khalidwe. chiwerengero cha nyama ndi otsika, makamaka kuzigawo kumadzulo kwa m'deralo.

Caucasus nkhandwe

Nyama imeneyi ndi yochokera kwa sing'anga-kakulidwe adani. Caucasus nkhandwe ali waukali ndiponso lalifupi alonda tsitsi, ndi undercoat ndi underdeveloped. Mtundu wa ziweto izi akuda kwambiri kuposa mitundu kale anafotokoza. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha yunifolomu kufalitsidwa wa tsitsi lakuda alonda pa khungu.

Mu dziko lathu tikukhala mu malo a Main Caucasus osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo m'tsinde ake amenewa.

Mongolian nkhandwe

Koma nkhandwe ndi zazing'ono okhala pa gawo la Russia. Kulemera kwa chiweto wamkulu kawirikawiri makilogalamu oposa makumi anai. ubweya wake kuzimiririka, zauve-imvi mtundu, waukali ndiponso amphamvu. mitundu ndi anagawira kummawa ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Trans-Baikal, komanso mu Primorsky Gawo.

Titafika pamalo nkhandwe

Large ndi wokongola nyama. chithunzi wake inu mukuona pansipa. The kutalika kwa thupi amuna zambiri kuposa 150 cm. Carnivores ndi yaitali, ofewa ndi wandiweyani ubweya. Mtundu - kuwala mitundu. Mu dziko lathu, nkhandwe amakhala mu nkhalango-Titafika pamalo ndi Titafika pamalo n'kupita kwa gawo Loona za Kamchatka ndi Siberia.

Srednerussky (matabwa) nkhandwe

Wamphamvu mdani amene amakhala m'nkhalango steppe ndi steppe woyendera nthambi ya Russia, nthawi zambiri colonizes ndi Western Siberia. M'madera kumpoto amalembedwa kudza kwake mu nkhalango. Ngakhale amaganiza kuti waukulu mu Europe ndi Asia ndi Titafika pamalo nkhandwe, woimira subspecies ichi zambiri kuposa kukula kwake.

thupi wamkulu nyama zimene ndi kutalika choposa masentimita 160 ndipo kukula ukufika mita. Kumene, zinthu izi ndi khalidwe kwa anthu waukulu. Pafupifupi mwamuna wamkulu umalemera makilogalamu 45, pereyarok (1 chaka miyezi 8) - makilogalamu 35, ndipo phindu (miyezi 8) - 25 kg. Wolf mbandakucha ndi 20%.

Mdani ali ndi tingachipeze powerenga, mu mithunzi ya imvi ndi zowawa za ocher mtundu. Srednerussky nkhandwe amakhala ku nkhalango chapakati Russia, nthawi zambiri likulowerera kumadzulo kwa Siberia. Mu kumpoto akulowa Titafika pamalo.

kumalo ozizira nkhandwe

Izi ndi chinyama okongola ndi amphamvu amakhala kozizira. Kumalo ozizira Wolf mwangwiro ndinazolowera nyengo nkhanza. Kuchokera chisanu ndi kuboola, izo zimatetezedwa ndi chijasi ndi wandiweyani.

Zimenezi mimbulu osiyana masomphenya lakuthwa ndi tanthauzo kwambiri kwa fungo kuthandiza mu kukasaka nyama ochepa ankakhala malo awa nkhanza. Osakwanira chiwerengero chakudya kwachilengedwenso ndi kuvuta kupanga chakudya kumabweretsa mfundo yakuti chilombo adya nyama kwathunthu, wosasiya mafupa, palibe khungu la nkuyamba.

Chinyama kulemera avareji makilogalamu 60 ndi 80, kutalika 80 cm. Modabwitsa, nyama pa nkhani ya kusaka zinalephereka akhoza kukhala opanda chakudya kwa milungu ingapo. Komabe, ndiye nkhandwe akhoza kudya pa nthawi ina mpaka makilogalamu khumi nyama. Mimbulu tikukhala mu gawo la Russia, ndi mwamakani kuposa North America. kuukira olembedwa pa anthu.