Bowa Plasmodium: chithunzi ndi kufotokozera

Bowa plasmodium - ndi chimodzi mwa zamoyo zodabwitsa kwambiri moyo umene padziko lathuli. maonekedwe ake kuti kuchuluka ndi mantha pa yomweyo anthu nthawi kuyambira kale. Nzosadabwitsa umatchedwa mafuta ndi magazi mfiti nkhandwe. Kuwonjezera chikuoneka zachilendo, bowa ali ndi luso lina chodabwitsa - Iye angachititse!

mwachidule

Ngakhale kuti bowa plasmodium, kapena The slug amadziwika kuti anthu kuyambira nthawi yakale, komabe pafupifupi unexplored. Nthawi yaitali zimachitika ufumu M'kupita otchedwa amatha kuumba amatope, ngakhale kuti alibe chipolopolo zovuta, kukula pa thupi vegetative. Komanso, n'chosiyana kwambiri mu mphamvu khalidwe ndipo ali osiyanasiyana zina.

Dzina la amatha kuumba amatope (mu Greek - bowa slimy) mudziko la zamoyo ovuta anali woyamba anachita mu 1833. Komabe, pambuyo kotala ya atumwi German katswiri De Bari, amene kwa zaka zingapo ankachita nawo phunziro lalikulu iwo, anapeza kuti Plasmodium ziribe kanthu kochita ndi bowa, ndipo mwina a gulu la mogwirizana. Zinali iye amene akufuna kuitana timeneti Mycetozoa, mwachitsanzo gribozhivotnymi kapena amatha kuumba woona amatope.

malo

Bowa plasmodium kufalitsa pafupifupi dziko lonse. Iwo Tingaone ngakhale zipululu, mu chisanu ndi okwera. Komabe, pali mitundu ya nyama zimenezi, makamaka amene amakhala mu kotentha ndi malo louma, ndi ranges zochepa. A zosiyanasiyana lalikulu plasmodia zingaoneke mu zone ya kotentha, ndi m'nkhalango zake mitundu komanso mu Mediterranean.

Ena mwa mitundu akhoza amangoona m'chilimwe, pamene ena amapezeka ku kasupe oyambirira yophukira mochedwa. Kukula kwa bowa izi likugwiritsidwanso olumikizana. Mitundu ya amatope nkhungu komanso ena mitundu m'munsi wa moyo, ofunitsitsa ndi mawonekedwe amene ali fruiting matupi awo. Ena amaganiza kuti bowa ndi edible Plasmodium. Komabe, siziri choncho. The slug chakupha, ndi kuti limawaletsa osati tizilombo kokha, komanso nyama zing'onozing'ono.

magawo

Mitundu yambiri ya amatha kuumba amatope wakonda kukhala mabwinja a mitengo kuvunda kapena tsamba zinyalala. Against maziko a zipatso Plasmodium awo thupi nthawi kuoneka bwino. N'zosadabwitsa kuti iwo m'malembo ambiri maphunziro mycologists amene makamaka kufotokoza mitundu kugwirizana ndendende ndi magawo awa.

Kuli anaphunzira zamoyo amene moyo mu ndowe za herbivores, komanso makungwa a mitengo moyo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kukula kwa sporophores awo zonyozeka kwambiri, ndi zina mungazindikire mitundu ya amatha kuumba amatope mu chikhalidwe ndi kovuta.

Dziwani kuti plasmodium - bowa (chithunzi m'nkhani), zomwe nthawi zambiri si womangidwa kwa mtundu wina wa gawo lapansi. Komabe, pali mwaiwala zimene malamulo. Ena amatha kuumba amatope Mwachitsanzo, mtundu Cribraria, amakonda makungwa a mitengo yoperekedwa kwa conifers ndi. Pali anthu amatope nkhungu, sporulation omwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa masamba obiriwira, kapena chaka chathachi wakugwa, zimayambira kapena kukula ndere.

njira kafalitsidwe

Ngati Seaweed, bowa kuli plasmodium akuyamba ndi mikangano. Kuchokera pamenepa n'lakuti selo wosabadwayo. Ngati zachilengedwe ndi mokwanira yonyowa, ndiye izo zimatengera mtundu miksoflaggellata, T. E. zimakhala zofanana infusoria ndi awiri michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana kutalika osiyana. Ndi njira kuthandiza zamoyo izi tiwolokere momasuka madzi.

Ngati chinyezi singakwane, ndiye spores anapanga miksameba. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pamwamba ananena kuti mitundu akhoza kupereka, ndipo amatha kuyenda mu mzake. Komanso ali ndi haploid ya DNA, kutanthauza kuti amatope nkhungu ali maselo kugonana. Mu ndondomeko ya conjugation amapezeka zygote, kenako miksoflaggellata kakang'ono kapena miksameba kukukhala thupi vegetative - ndi unicellular chamoyo chimene mofulumira kwambiri kugawa phata. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, khungu ikukula kwambiri ndipo secrete ntchofu, pamene kupeza mtundu. Choncho anabadwa pang'ono zolusa chamoyo, Plasmodium kenako n'kupanga bowa.

mafotokozedwe

Mu amatha kuumba woona amatope ndi m'mphepete otchuka ndi zimakupiza woboola pakati nthambi zopezera zingwe (machubu), ofanana ndi ziwiya magazi. Pa siteji ya plasmodium zionekera popanda magnification iliyonse. Pa nthawi imeneyi chitukuko wake, iye ndi mtundu wa misa limodzi-selo, utoto mtundu wachikasu. The malo abwino kwambiri, ikuluikulu izo chidzakula kwa iye.

chamoyo ichi nthawi zambiri poyerekeza ndi voracious zolusa chilombo kuti amadya zonse mu njira yake. Ndipo izo nzoona, chifukwa monga kubwereza chake analanda ndipo zimatenga mabakiteriya osiyanasiyana, spores mafangasi yisiti n'kumugawa m'magulumagulu ndipo ngakhale nyama zing'onozing'ono. Bowa Plasmodium limayenda pa gawo lapansi pamene kukula voliyumu ndi unakhala chakudya monga amoeba. Pankhaniyi, thupi ndipamene otchedwa vacuoles zakudya, mu limene limafotokoza wapadera m'mimba michere. Pambuyo kuti pali mayamwidwe zinthu zofunika. Choncho, pali ndondomeko ya phagocytosis.

Ngakhale mu siteji plasmodium The slug ndi kukwapula miyeso: unicellular chilli angafikire masentimita 30 m'litali ndi masentimita 3-5 mu makulidwe! Ndipo linalembedwa Mtheradi dziko mbiri - selo limodzi lokha la plasmodium Physarum polycephalum kufika magawo oterowo kuti anatenga malo a mamita 2 lalikulu.

ndondomeko ya kayendedwe

Kuyenda bowa plasmodium mkati mwanu ali ngati minofu - akitini ndi myosin nkhosi kuti kuchepetsa pafupi cytoplasm, potero kupanga ripple ndi kuthekera zikusefukira. Choncho kayendedwe ka thupi. Zokwawa pa gawo lapansi, zikhoza kusuntha ndi liwiro la 1 cm paola.

Pa nthawi imene chilengedwe mulibe chinyezi chokwanira, kotero Plasmodium amamuchititsa likuzongoka, musaumitse ndipo m'kupita lidzasinthidwa sclerotia. Nthawi zina lagawidwa makrotsist angapo amene ali mokwanira amphamvu m'chimake ndi mitima angapo mkati. Kukhala mu chikhalidwe ichi, thupi ndi moyo kwa zaka zingapo, koma pamene chilengedwe amakhala yabwino, aliyense makrotsist kukhala watsopano Plasmodium.

mbali chodabwitsa

Plasmodium ena semblance mankhwala fungo, chifukwa, pokhala pafupi chakudya, iwo kudzalimbikitsa purposefully pa iye. Amadziwika kuti pa nthawi ya moyo wa phototaxis zawo zoipa lisinthike kuti zabwino, ndi bowa ku malo achinyezi anayamba ndituluke pamwamba, kuyesera dzuwa. Ambiri mwina, izi zimachitika pa nthawi ya kusasitsa komaliza ndi tima mapangidwe spores.

Komanso chidwi n'chakuti pamene majeremusi awiri a mtundu umodzi "zinaphatikizidwa" limodzi, kupanga thupi wamba. M'chigawo okhwima wa madzi mu malo awa akuyamba condense ndi kupanga matupi fruiting. Iwo kusintha ndi kukula kukula, ngati iwo ali mu ndondomeko ya fission nyukiliya ndi mapangidwe spores haploid. Patapita nthawi periderm bursts zoteteza chipolopolo, ndi amatope nkhungu spores amafalitsidwa ndi mphepo. Koma izi zimachitika zokha m'mikhalidwe yabwino. Ngati boma la chilengedwe Kodi singakwaniritse iwo chifukwa zina ziti, ndi spores akhoza kukhalapo kwa zaka zoposa makumi asanu ndi awiri, pamene kusunga luso kumera.

Zatsopano pa slizevikov

Akatswiri Japanese waganiza kusunga plasmodium, monga iwo ndithu mosavuta otukuka zasayansi. Anachita kuyesera pa liwiro la kayendedwe ka amatope nkhungu, kusintha chinyezi yozungulira. Pamene mpweya umakhala wouma Plasmodium mochedwa kuyenda. Kuyambira ofufuza ino ankafufuza mphamvu ya kukhudzana nthawi, mpweya youma kuwomba izo ndi imeneyi ya ola limodzi. Plasmodium anayamba m'mbuyo pasadakhale. Iye ankawoneka tikuyembekezera chiyambi cha kukhudzana lotsatira. Kuchita chochitika chimenechi, asayansi anaganiza amatha kuumba amatope ena semblance kuiwalidwa.

ndi maphunziro ena akhala akufufuza amene anatsimikiza kuti Plasmodium angathetse mavuto yosavuta Mwachitsanzo, kupeza njira yayifupi, kudutsa kuchokera ina kuti ndikuyenda wina. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti mayesero amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri, popeza amatsogolera ndi kumvetsetsa khalidwe la nyama zimenezi wosazindikira ndi mbiri ya kusanduka awo.