Wodwala-acceptor chomangira: Zitsanzo za zinthu

Wodwala-acceptor akapolo, kapena ntchito chomangira - mtundu wa covalent muzikondana. Kudziwa zinthu zapadera kulankhulana kotereku, ife apereke zitsanzo kusonyeza mapangidwe ake.

covalent chomangira

Kuyamba, kusankha zinthu zapadera kwambiri kwa covalent mankhwala muzikondana.

Izo zikhoza kukhala kumalo ozizira ndipo sanali kumalo ozizira, malinga ndi udindo wa anthu awiri elekitironi pakati pa maatomu. Ngati pali kusintha kosangalatsa tsankho la elekitironi kachulukidwe motsogozedwa mmodzi wa ma atomu limapezeka kumalo ozizira covalent mankhwala muzikondana. A chodabwitsa ofanana ndi zotheka ndi mapangidwe ubwenzi wa sanali zitsulo, ndi electronegativity osiyana. Pamene liukitsidwa, kusintha kosangalatsa yofunika kwambiri awiri elekitironi motsogozedwa atomu ndi index mkulu wa EO lapansi. Pamene mapangidwe ubwenzi wa sanali zitsulo ndi mtengo womwewo wa electronegativity mwaonapo awiri kosangalatsa wa ma elekitironi, monga kugwirizana amatchedwa nonpolar.

Zitsanzo ndi mpweya, wa hydrogen, ozoni ndi phosphorous. Kumalo ozizira ubale ndi hydrochloric acid, madzi, ammonia.

Pali wapadera akuti, chifukwa sipangakhalenso yodziwika ndi chiwerengero cha elekitironi awiriawiri anapanga pakati pa maatomu.

Popeza kuti mapangidwe kulumikiza amafuna ma elekitironi awiri itatu mgwirizano pakati pa maatomu asafe, i.e. ndi multiplicity limafanana ndi atatu. Wodwala-acceptor chomangira - imakhala nkhani yapadera ya kumalo ozizira covalent akapolo, koma amaganiza mogwirizana intermolecular zinthu.

Features wa limagwirira ndi

Kupanga ochiritsira covalent chomangira mogwirizana yokwanira pakati pa ma elekitironi awiri (okwana awiriawiri). Wodwala-acceptor chomangira popangidwa ndi mankhwala kudzera awiri ma elekitironi ku mbali imodzi (kuchokera mwiniwake), kanthu (mfulu) pa yozungulira la atomu wina (acceptor). Pankhaniyi covalent kumalo ozizira (sanali kumalo ozizira) ndi kulankhulana ndi anzake mwiniwake-acceptor wa ma elekitironi kenako wawamba.

Education cation ammonium

Monga aumbike mwa wopereka-acceptor chomangira? Zitsanzo za zinthu kuperekedwa Inde zimapangidwira sekondale, zochepa ammonium cation. Tiyeni tione izo maphunziro kwambiri.

Asafe, gawo la molekyulu amoniya ndi mu gulu kachisanu (waukulu subgroup) ku gome nthawi. Pa ake akunja mlingo mphamvu ndi ma elekitironi asanu. Mu mapangidwe tinthu amoniya mu covalent Mgwirizano asafe kumalo ozizira amathera ma elekitironi atatu, awiri elekitironi, amene si zimachitika pochita chotero, akhala makuponi.

Zinali iye amene tidampatsa ufulu wochita katundu wa mwiniwake pamene tipemphela mamolekyulu amoniya ndi dipoles madzi. Mu madzi pa cation wa hydrogen ndi elekitironi awo, choncho akusonyeza katundu acceptor.

Pa nthawi imene mamolekyulu amoniya ali pafupi mokwanila mapulotoni wa hydrogen ndi madzi asafe mtambo wopangidwa mwa ma elekitironi awiri akutembenukira ku cation kukopa wa hydrogen, amakhala ofanana nawo. Chifukwa ndi mapangidwe tetravalent kugwirizana pakati asafe ndi wa hydrogen, amaganiza mwiniwake-acceptor limagwirira. Izi ndi zimene amatchedwa Chitsanzo chachikulu tingachipeze powerenga za mapangidwe ubwenzi.

Education oxonium cation

Mu maphunziro kusukulu (mlingo moyo) saona oxonium cations (hydronium), monga Protolytic chiphunzitso njira amaphunzira yekha pa mlingo wa mbiri. Popeza palinso ntchito mwiniwake-acceptor chomangira zitsanzo za mapangidwe ake tione.

Monga mwiniwake Pankhaniyi adzachita monga molekyulu madzi, ndipo akusonyeza katundu wa purotoni acceptor. Ankaona mwiniwake-acceptor limagwirira - umatchedwa m'munsi umagwirira mankhwala zovuta, choncho amayenera kulandira chisamaliro chapadera. Iye anafotokoza kuti chiphunzitso chofunikira azingokhala zidulo electrolytic, salt, zapansi, pamene kusungunuka mu madzi cations ndi anions.

Podutsa ngati kumachitika chifukwa permeation womangidwa ma elekitironi chipolopolo kunja maatomu linkable. Motero kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi mu zipolopolo lakunja kwa wina.

The chachiwiri aligorivimu chomangira mapangidwe

Pali njira inanso imene anapanga mwiniwake-acceptor muzikondana. Zitsanzo za mogwirizana ngati achuluka, makamaka mapangidwe fluorides zitsulo. Pali ntchito peyala ya ma elekitironi ku imodzi mwa ma atomu yomweyo. Chifukwa, atomu imodzi zingowonjezekera ku pazipita kuchuluka kwa khungu lawo, koma chifukwa kutenga mbali, osati ma elekitironi onse asanu ndi atatu okha mbali zina za iwo. Anthu ma elekitironi amene sanapange nawo, amatchedwa free, ndipo ndi thandizo la ena ndi kulenga mwiniwake-acceptor muzikondana. Zitsanzo za mitundu mwiniwake-acceptor chomangira mapangidwe ikukhudzana fluorides zitsulo soda ndi zamchere lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, chimodzimodzi okonzeka ndi sodium fluoride, potaziyamu, calcium.

Kodi aliyense ali osiyana mwiniwake-acceptor chomangira? Tingasiyanitsire mankhwala khola akuwuka chifukwa zifukwa zofanana la mapangidwe mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, pa kuvunda mu madzi a fluoride wa hydrogen, ubale wa ammonia ndi zotayidwa enaake, imbaenda kuna mapangidwe mankhwala zovuta.

Pomaliza

Popeza ulamuliro wa mogwirizana mwiniwake-acceptor, dziwani kuti mpweya inert mwina zinthu othandizira ndalama amatanganidwa, kuyambira chipolopolo kunja ndi pazipita kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi. Experimentally mawu wakhala kwathunthu linatsimikizidwa ndi kuzindikiridwa oxides mpweya inert aumbike mwa ankachita mwiniwake-acceptor.

Mtundu uwu wa covalent chomangira n'kofunika makamaka mu moyo wa munthu. Kuwonjezera nawo mwakhama moyo wake chifukwa wopereka-acceptor chomangira angalenge zakudya kukonzekera zosiyanasiyana mankhwala. Mwachitsanzo, mapangidwe limagwirira zafotokozedwa pamwambapa za ammonium cation mapangidwe amoniya chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mankhwala amakono.