Titaniyamu - chitsulo. katundu titaniyamu. Ntchito titaniyamu. Mayeso ndi mankhwala zikuchokera titaniyamu

The wosatha, mwachinsinsi, malo, chuma cha tsogolo - awa ndi ambiri achipongwe ena onse anatumizidwa ku magwero osiyanasiyana a titaniyamu. History of atulukira zitsulo izi silinali laling'ono: nthawi yomweyo pa zinthu kutulutsidwa mu mawonekedwe woyera ntchito asayansi angapo. The ndondomeko kuphunzira thupi katundu ndi mankhwala ndi tanthauzo la tanthauzo lake ndi sanamalize lero. Titaniyamu - zitsulo za m'tsogolo ndiponso malo ake mu moyo wa munthu zisanathe kumatanthauza, kupereka ofufuza zamakono kuchuluka yaikulu zilandiridwenso ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi.

mbali

Chemical mchitidwe titaniyamu (titaniyamu) ndi anasankha mwa chizindikiro nthawi ndi nthawi Table D. I. Mendeleeva Ti. Ili mu mbali subgroup IV gulu la nthawi chachinayi, ndipo ali siriyo nambala 22. A thunthu yosavuta ya titaniyamu - zitsulo woyera ndi siliva, opepuka ndi cholimba. Kasinthidwe zamagetsi la atomu ali kapangidwe zotsatirazi: +22) 2) 8) 10) 2 , 1s 2S ^{2 2} 3S ^{2 6} 2P 3P 3D ^{6 2 2} 4S. Choncho, titaniyamu ali makutidwe ndi okosijeni madera osiyanasiyana zotheka 2, 3, 4, mu mankhwala khola kwambiri, ndi tetravalent.

Titaniyamu - aloyi kapena zitsulo?

Funso limeneli ndi lofunika kwa ambiri. Mu 1910, American sayansi Hunter anali woyamba koyera titaniyamu. Zitsulo munali% 1 yekha zosafunika, koma kuchuluka ndi negligible ndi zasonyeza musataye kuthekera atafufuza katundu wake. The ductility wa nkhaniyi anali akwaniritsa tolkopod kutentha, pansi pa zikhalidwe zachilendo (firiji), chitsanzo anali kwambiri Chimaona. Ndipotu, chinthu ichi si asayansi chidwi chifukwa cha ntchito ziyembekezo zake zinkaoneka kwambiri chosadziwika. Kuvuta yodalirika ndiponso kufufuza zina anachepetsa angathe kugwiritsa ntchito kwake. Only mu 1925, akatswiri ku Netherlands J. de A Boer ndi A. galimoto Arkel analandira titaniyamu zitsulo, katundu mwa chidwi cha akatswiri ndi okonza padziko lonse. Mbiri ya kuphunzira chinthu limayamba ndi 1790, pa nthawi iyi mu kufanana, payekhapayekha mzake, asayansi awiri kupeza titaniyamu zimabweretsa mankhwala. Aliyense amalandira pawiri (okusayidi) wothandizira, kulephera bwinobwino zitsulo mu mawonekedwe woyera. Titaniyamu imatengedwa mpainiya wa English mmonke mineralogist William Gregor. Pa gawo la parishi wake, yomwe ili kum'mwera chakumadzulo kwa England, wasayansi wamng'ono anayamba kuphunzira wakuda mchenga Menakena Valley. Zotsatira za mayesero ndi maginito wakhala Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa mbewu chonyezimira, amene titaniyamu mankhwala. Pa nthawi yomweyo German sayansi Martin Heinrich Klaproth adzindikira chinthu chatsopano ku rutile mchere. Mu 1797, iye anasonyezanso kuti likufanana ndi zinthu poyera ofanana. Titaniyamu woipa ndi oposa zaka zinali chinsinsi kwa akatswiri ambiri kupeza zitsulo koyera sikunali kotheka ngakhale Berzelius. Latest umisiri wa m'ma XX inapita patsogolo kwambiri pa ndondomeko ya maphunziro a mchitidwe anati mudziwe malangizo koyamba ntchito zake. Akukhudza ichi nthawi zonse poyamba. Chepetsani ukulu angakhoze kokha kuchulukitsa kwa ndondomeko kupeza zinthu monga titaniyamu koyera. Price ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zitsulo m'malo okwezeka, chotero izo sizingakhoze aithamangitse chitsulo chikhalidwe zotayidwa chibwenzi.

Chiyambi cha dzina

Menakin - Dzina loyamba titaniyamu, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito mpaka 1795. Ndiko kulondola, malinga ndi dera lawo amayanjana, wotchedwa zinthu zatsopano W. Gregor. Martin Klaproth anapereka amafotokozera mu 1797 dzina "Titan". Panthawi imeneyi, mnzake wake French, lotsogoledwa ndi otchuka kwambiri sayansi A. L. Lavuaze kupereka kuitana mankhwala kumene anapeza malinga ndi katundu zazikulu. German wasayansi sanagwirizane ndi njira imeneyi, iye anaganiza mpake kuti anapeza gawo ndi kovuta kuzindikira makhalidwe onse chibadidwe zinthu, ndi kusonyeza iwo mu mutu. Komabe, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti wosuta-anasankha Klaproth akuti wolingana ndendende ndi zitsulo - izo mobwerezabwereza anatsindika asayansi amakono. Pali ziphunzitso ziwiri zikuluzikulu za dzina Titan. Zitsulo ukanakhoza kukonzedwa polemekeza elven mfumukazi Titania (Khalidwe Germany nthano). dzina Ichi ndi chizindikiro onse lightness ndi mphamvu wothandizira. Asayansi ambiri timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito Agiriki, imene Titans ankatchedwa ana a amphamvu padziko wamkazi Gaia. Baibulo likunena dzina la mchitidwe kale lotseguka - ureniamu.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Zitsulo, chimene mawu luso phindu kwa munthu, titaniyamu tithe chachinayi pa kukula kwa matanthwe a pansi padziko. A chiwerengero chachikulu mu chikhalidwe yodziwika yekha chitsulo, magnesium ndi zotayidwa. Ambiri titaniyamu zili taonera basalt chipolopolo pang'ono zing'onozing'ono mu wosanjikiza ake lubwe. M'nyanjamo, zili mankhwala ndi otsika - za 0,001 mg / L. Chemical mchitidwe titaniyamu ndi wotanganidwa kwambiri, kotero mu maonekedwe ake angwiro ndi zovuta kuzichita. Nthawi zambiri, ndi alipo mankhwala ndi mpweya, ndipo ali valence anayi. Chiwerengero cha mchere titaniferous zimasiyanasiyana 63 75 (ku magwero osiyanasiyana), pamene pa siteji lino la kafukufuku, asayansi kupitiriza kupeza mitundu yatsopano ya mankhwala. Ntchito zothandiza zofunika kwambiri ndi mchere zotsatirazi:

1. Ilmenite (FeTiO _3).
2. Rutile (TiO _2).
3. Titanite (CaTiSiO _5).
4. Perovskite (CaTiO _3).
5. Titanomagnetite (FeTiO ₃ + Fe ₃ O ₄₎ ndipo T. D.

Onse alipo titaniferous miyala lagawidwa zikuluzikulu ndi placer. mchitidwe uwu ndi ofooka anapita kukagwira, likhoza amayenda miyala ndi calving kapena miyala kusuntha matope pansi. Mu biosphere, ndi kuchuluka wamkulu wa titaniyamu ali algae lapansi. Oimira wa lapadziko zinyama mchitidwe amasonkhana mu zimakhala za lipenga, tsitsi. Kwa thupi khalidwe la titaniyamu pano mu ndulu, ndi zopangitsa adrenal, nsengwa, chithokomiro England.

thupi katundu

Titaniyamu - akakhala zitsulo ndi siliva zoyera, akufanana zitsulo. Pa kutentha 0 ⁰ C ndi osalimba a 4,517 g / masentimita ^3. thunthu ali matenthedwe misa otsika, ndilo khalidwe la zitsulo soda (cadmium, sodium, lifiyamu, cesium). Kachulukidwe titaniyamu ali ndi udindo wapakatikati pakati pa chitsulo ndi zotayidwa, pamene ntchito yake ndi apamwamba kuposa zinthu zonse. The katundu waukulu wa zitsulo, zimene ankaona kudziwa kuchuluka kwa tanthauzo lake ndi zokolola mphamvu ndi kuuma. Titaniyamu zotayidwa mphamvu ndi nthawi 12, chitsulo ndi mkuwa - 4 zina pamene n'kosavuta kwambiri. The ductility zinthu oyera ndi malire ake zokolola kulola processing pa makhalidwe ndi otsika kutentha, monga mmene zitsulo zina, T. E. Riveting njira, kulipira, kuwotcherera, pakubwezeretsa. The kusiyanitsa khalidwe la titaniyamu - kutentha kwake otsika madutsidwe ndipo motero, katundu awa asungidwa pa kutentha okwera mpaka 500 ⁰ C. Mu maginito ilipodi ndi paramagnetic titaniyamu amafotokozera, si anakopeka ngati chitsulo, ndipo si ejected ngati mkuwa. kwambiri odana ndi dzimbiri ntchito mu mapangidwe nkhanza ndi zotsatira makina ndi wapadera. zaka zoposa 10 za kukhala mu madzi nyanja sanasinthe maonekedwe ndi zikuchokera kwa mbale titaniyamu. Iron Pankhaniyi lidzawonongedwa zacita kwathunthu.

Thermodynamic katundu wa titaniyamu

1. Kachulukidwe (pa zinthu zachilendo) ndi 4,54 g / masentimita ^3.
2. Atomic number - 22.
3. Zitsulo Gulu - ndi refractory, kuwala.
4. Kulemera atomiki la titaniyamu - 47,0.
5. Otentha mfundo ⁽⁰ C) - 3260.
6. Molar buku masentimita ³ / mol - 10,6.
7. Mfundo kusungunuka kwa titaniyamu ⁽⁰ C) - 1668.
8. Specific kutentha vaporization (KJ / mol) - 422,6.
9. The resistivity (pa 20 ⁰ C) ohms * masentimita 10 ^-6 - 45.

katundu mankhwala

Kukweza kukana dzimbiri amafotokozera chifukwa mapangidwe padziko lapansi okusayidi filimu yaing'ono. Iwo chindiletsa (m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa) mankhwala anachita ndi mpweya (mpweya, wa hydrogen) ili mu mlengalenga yapafupi ya mchitidwe ngati ya titaniyamu zitsulo. katundu kusintha mchikakamizo cha kutentha. Pamene liukitsidwa 600 ⁰ C, anachita pakati mpweya, chifukwa mu mapangidwe okusayidi titaniyamu (TiO _2). Pankhani ya mayamwidwe mpweya wa mlengalenga anapanga mankhwala osalimba amene alibe kugwiritsa ntchito ichi kuwotcherera chifukwa ndi kusungunuka kwa titaniyamu opangidwa ku yosesa. Ndi kusintha anachita ndondomeko Kutha wa hydrogen mu zitsulo, kumachitika yogwira pa apamwamba kutentha (400 ⁰ C ndi pamwamba). Titaniyamu, makamaka particles chabwino (a mbale woonda kapena waya) ndi combusted pansi m'mlengalenga asafe. The mankhwala anachita pakati zotheka pa kutentha 700 ⁰ C, potero kupanga nitride lata. Ndi mitundu kasakaniza wazitsulo kwambiri zovuta zitsulo kawirikawiri alloying amafotokozera. Anachita ndi halogens (chromium, bromo, iodo) akulowa kokha pamene pamaso pa chothandizira (mkulu kutentha) ndi nkhani anganene ndi chinthu youma. Kumabweretsa zovuta kwambiri refractory kasakaniza wazitsulo. Ndi vutolo zidulo kwambiri ndi alkalis titaniyamu mankhwala yogwira kupatulapo ndi anaikira sulfuric (yaitali kuwira), hydrofluoric, otentha organic (formic asidi, asidi oxalic).

gawo

Ambiri mwachibadwa zikuchitika ilmenite miyala - nkhokwe ake pafupifupi matani 800 miliyoni. Miyala ya madipoziti rutile nthawi zambiri wodzichepetsa, koma buku okwana - pokhalabe kukula kupanga - ayenera kupereka anthu kwa zaka 120, chitsulo monga titaniyamu. Mtengo wa chomaliza mankhwala kudzadalira kufunika ndi kulera kupanga workability, koma pafupifupi ranged kuchokera 1200 mpaka 1800 rubles. / Kg. Ndi kuwongolera luso mosalekeza kwambiri yafupika mtengo njira zonse za ulimi mu kukweza awo yake. Nkhokwe yaikulu ya titaniyamu ores ndi China ndi Russia, ndi mchere m'munsi gwero ndi Japan, South Africa, Australia, Kazakhstan, India, South Korea, Ukraine, Ceylon. Miyala ya mabuku osiyanasiyana kupanga ndi kuchuluka titaniyamu mu miyala Kafukufuku Geological zikupitirirabe zonse, zomwe zimathandiza kuti ayambe kuchepa mtengo msika wa zitsulo ndi tanthauzo lake onse. Russia ndicho sewerolo waukulu wa titaniyamu.

phwando

Kwa kupanga titaniyamu dioxide, izo kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito munali osachepera kuchuluka zosafunika. Iwo akamagwira zawachitikira ilmenite kapena rutile miyala limafotokoza. The magetsi Arc ng'anjo kutentha mankhwala kumachitika miyala, amene anatsagana ndi mapangidwe chitsulo ndi kulekana kwa slag munali okusayidi titaniyamu. Sulphate kapena mankhwala enaake njira ntchito kwa processing kachigawo ufulu wa chitsulo. Titaniyamu okusayidi ndi ufa wa imvi (onani. Chithunzi The). Titaniyamu zitsulo analandira ndi mankhwala ake pang'onopang'ono.

Gawo loyamba ndi ndondomeko ya slag sintering ndi coke ndi chlorine nthunzi kukhudzana. TiCl ₄ yafupika chifukwa mankhwala enaake a kapena ndi sodium pamene pansi kutentha 850 ⁰ C. titaniyamu chinkhupule (porous zinaphatikizidwa misa) akamagwira mankhwala anachita, kapena mwayeretsa kusungunuka mu ingots. Malinga ntchito zina za malo, kapena aloyi zitsulo aumbike mwa mawonekedwe woyera (zosafunika achotsedwa ndi Kutentha kwa 1000 ⁰ C). Kwa kupanga zinthu ndi zosafunika kachigawo 0.01% iodide ntchito njira. Bukuli lili pa evaporation ndondomeko ya titaniyamu chinkhupule pretreated ndi halogen, nthunzi yake.

Minda ya ntchito

Limatsogolera mfundo za titaniyamu ndi mokwanira mkulu kuti zitsulo ndi mwayi bwino kwambiri chomasuka ntchito monga chuma ndi structural. Choncho, akapeza ntchito kwambiri mu makampani shipbuilding, makampani ndege, miyala kupanga, zomera ndi mankhwala. Titaniyamu kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati dopant mu kasakaniza wazitsulo osiyanasiyana kuonetsa makhalidwe bwino kukaniza kutentha ndi kuuma. Mkulu dzimbiri kukana ndi mphamvu kupirira mapangidwe kwambiri mwamakani kupanga zitsulo imeneyi ndi yofunika koposa kwa makampani mankhwala a. Titaniyamu (kasakaniza wazitsulo) anapangidwa mapaipi, akasinja, mavavu, Zosefera, ntchito distillation ndi mayendedwe zidulo ndi zinthu zina mankhwala yogwira. Adafunsira polenga zipangizo zikugwira ntchito pa ntchito okwera kutentha. The mankhwala titaniyamu ntchito kuti kudula zida cholimba, utoto, mapulasitiki ndi pepala, opaleshoni zida, amadzala, zodzikongoletsera, zipangizo kukongoletsa, ntchito makampani chakudya. mbali zonse zovuta kufotokoza. mankhwala amakono chitetezo zonse kwachilengedwenso amagwiritsa ntchito zitsulo titaniyamu. Price - ichi ndi chinthu chokhacho chimene chidzakhudze kupingasa yaitali ntchito chinthu ichi. Yamtengo amanena kuti titaniyamu - zinthu za m'tsogolo, kuphunzira anthu amene adzalowe msinkhu wina wa chitukuko.