Relief Kazakhstan: zipululu, theka-zipululu, steppes. Khan-Tengri. Kazakhstan mtsinje

Kazakhstan thandizo zosiyanasiyana kwambiri. Kuona, suffices kuti osachepera Mwachidule pa mapu thupi la dziko. Koma ife tizichita mwathunthu kwambiri ndi mwatsatanetsatane kuti ndikuuzeni inu za mapiri, zigwa, m'zipululu, mitsinje ndi imodzi mwa mbali yaikulu ya Europe ndi ku Asia.

Geography a Kazakhstan (mwachidule): malo ndi malire

Kazakhstan - waukulu landlocked ku dziko (ine ndikutanthauza States amene sanasambitsidwe ndi Ocean World). Malo ndi miliyoni 2,72 sq M.. Km ndi utali wonse wa malire - makilomita oposa 13 zikwi. Komanso, ndi dziko lachiwiri lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse mwa anthu amene imeneyi magawo awiri a dziko (kudzera Kazakhstan m'pamene m'malire Europe ndi Asia).

A lalikulu la dziko makamaka ndiyo zosiyanasiyana malo ake ndi maofesi achilengedwe. Geography Kazakhstan ndi chidwi ndi yosiyanasiyana. Chidwi mfundo: ngakhale yaikulu m'dera dziko, oyandikana nawo asanu okha Kazakhstan. Ndi mwachindunji kumalire ndi China, Russia, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan ndi Kyrgyzstan.

M'malire a dziko la Europe ndi Asia umachitika mu dera Aktobe m'dzikoli. Nthawi zambiri izo ikuchitika pa m'tsinde kum'mawa kwa Mugodzhary, ndiye m'mphepete mwa mtsinje Emba ndi ya Caspian.

mpumulo Kazakhstan wolemekezeka Mosiyana ndi mkulu. Onse ofukula dontho m'dziko la mamita oposa 7000! Kazakhstan Nyengo - kotentha chokhala ndi m'malo ouma. M'chilimwe amakonda kutentha owononga thupi, ndi yozizira - aakulu ozizira (pansi kwa -40 digiri Celsius). masika kumayambiriro Kazakhstan osiyanitsa nyengo makamaka noticeable pamene kumpoto ndi ili mkati snowstorms kum'mwera ali mitengo angakule.

Kenako, ife kufotokoza zambiri za zomwe ndi chidwi ndi mpumulo mbali Kazakhstan. Kodi mu dziko mutha kuona mapiri? Kodi zigwa, ndi kumene - m'chipululu?

Nkhani zimene zimapezeka mpumulo Kazakhstan

15% ya m'dera limene mukukhala m'mapiri ndi zitunda, pafupifupi 30% - ndi zigwa ndi zitunda zathyathyathya, 10% - maganizo, 45% - kwa chipululu ndi theka chipululu. Amenewa alili osiyanasiyana a Kazakhstan anafotokoza zovuta kwambiri Geological Kapangidwe ka m'deralo. dziko ili mu malo converge khola East-European nsanja, makina Alpine lamba ndi nyumba apangidwe Ural-Mongolian lamba.

mbali yapadera thandizo la Kazakhstan alinso dontho kwambiri okwera mkati boma. Choncho, mfundo wotsikitsitsa mu dziko ili pa gombe la nyanja Caspian (Karagiye, mamita 132 pansi pa nyanja). Ndipo apa pali chimbuzi pafupifupi ukufika mamita 7000 (pachimake cha Khan Tengri mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa dziko).

Mapiri apamwamba mu Kazakhstan ndi anaikira pamodzi malire kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa dziko. Iwo Altai Tarbagatai, Jungar Alatau ndi Tien Shan. Komanso, kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Ural mapiri.

M'chipululu cha Kazakhstan ili kumpoto, pakati ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa dziko. Kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera chimakhala chogwidwa ndi m'zigwa. Kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kum'mwera kwa dziko amadula yaitali Turgai ufa umene kuti njira yake mitsinje awiri lalikulu la Kazakhstan - Tobol ndi Turgay.

Zipululu zatenga malo aakulu kumadzulo (m'dera Caspian) kum'mwera ndi chapakati-kum'mawa mbali ya dziko.

Hydrology Kazakhstan

M'dzikoli akuthamanga oposa 85 zikwi madzi achilengedwe. Mitsinje yaikulu ya Kazakhstan - ndi Ural, Tobol, Ishim, Ili ndi Syr Darya. Kwambiri wandiweyani mtsinje maukonde ndi khalidwe la m'mapiri, ndi otsika anati mu malo a chipululu. Ambiri mwa mitsinje Kazakhstan zimagwira madzi awo kwa Aral ndi Caspian Pacific.

Ambiri Kazakhstan ndi nyanja. Komabe, matupi madzi ambiri, amene m'dera kuposa makilomita 100 lalikulu, 21. kokha mwa iwo - ndi Caspian ndipo Nyanja Aral, Balkhash, Tengiz, Alakol ndi ena. Ambiri mwa nyanja ku dziko ndi anaikira mu zigawo zake kumpoto ndi pakati.

Mu Kazakhstan, palinso 13 Madamu yokumba. Buku okwana madzi mmenemo ndi za 87 zikwi kiyubiki. Km.

Chikazaki steppe

Steppes ndi theka-zipululu mu okwana chivundikiro 70% ya m'dziko la dziko Central Asia. Ambiri mwa malo awo ndi mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi kapena kusinthidwa ndi zochita za anthu ndi negligible.

Kazakhstan steppe akutambasula lamba yotakata pafupifupi 2000 makilomita ku Ural Mtsinje m'chigwa cha kumadzulo kwa Altai Mountains - kummawa. Kumbali ya m'dera ndi khamu lalikulu kwambiri mitunda youma steppe mu dziko. Nyengo chokhala ndi youma kwambiri: pafupifupi mvula pachaka kawirikawiri kuposa 350-400 mm.

Chifukwa chosowa chinyezi mu Kazakhstan steppes zomera zimasowa, pali pafupifupi palibe mitengo. Koma muli zinyama ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Apa alipidwa zosiyanasiyana nyama lapadera: saiga, marmot, pika steppe, roe nswala ndi ena. No avifauna zochepa wolemera m'derali. M'chigawo cha Kazakhstan, mungapeze mphungu, wakuda lark, pinki vuwo, wakuda dokowe, flamingo, muimba, golide mphungu, woyera-tailed mphungu.

The wokongola kwambiri ndi kwabasi Chikazaki steppe m'chaka, pachiyambi ndi pakati pa May. Inali pa nthawi iyi pali ukufalikira poppies, irises ndi ena ambiri mitundu yowala, osatembenukira ku pamphasa zokongola za zikwi munda maluwa zomera imvi, zopanda moyo m'deralo.

Chikazaki chipululu

M'zipululu ndi theka-zipululu zatenga pafupifupi theka gawo la Kazakhstan. Iwo kutambasula Mzere pafupifupi mosalekeza wa kugombe la nyanja Aral ku mapiri a kum'mawa kwa dziko. Kazakhstan m'chipululu chachikulu ndi bwino akubera: iwo kawirikawiri mosabisa ndi chilombo mitunda enliven midzi tomwe kwabasi mapiri kapena katundu ngamila phlegmatic.

Mkati m'chipululu cha Kazakhstan anakumana zosiyanasiyana mitundu majini: miyala, mchenga, mwala wosweka, dongo ndi saline.

M'chipululu Betpak Dala malo pafupifupi 75,000 makilomita lalikulu, lili mu mtima wa dziko. mpumulo amaperekedwa ndi lathyathyathya kumveka pafupifupi kutalika mamita 300-400. Chilimwe ndi otentha kwambiri ndi youma, mvula ndi zosakwana 150 mamilimita pa chaka. The matendawa, mwa chipululu kufalitsa m'madambo mchere ndi chodabwitsa mu kunja maganizo ake takyrs.

Kum'mwera kwa ndalama-Pak-Dala ili Moyynkum Sands. Malinga ndi malo achipululu ndi pafupifupi theka. Kum'mwera ndi njanjira ndi zitunda mkulu phiri la Karatau ndi Chikigizi Alatau. Choncho, okwera pafupifupi ndi apamwamba - mamita 700-800. Nyengo ikagwa 300 mamilimita pa chaka ndi pang'ono lililonse limatisokoneza, mumlengalenga mpweya. M'madera ambiri a m'chipululu ntchito ndi anthu am'deralo ngati msipu ng'ombe.

The nyumba ya Ural phiri lamba

Monga taonera, mkati Kazakhstan ndi kum'mwera kwenikweni kwa Ural phiri dziko. Apa izo anapereka Preduralsky ndi Zauralskaya yachonde Mugodzhary mapiri, komanso zitunda angapo ang'onoang'ono ndi zitunda (Shirkala, Shoshkakol ndi ena).

Preduralsky yachonde anatambasula pakati pa Caspian otsika kumadzulo ndi Mugodzhary kum'mawa. Pang'onopang'ono amachepetsa kumadzulo ndi kum'mwera kumadzulo, kusintha yosalala pachidikha slaboholmistuyu. Kutalika pafupifupi m'mapiriŵa - 150-300 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja.

Mugodzhary - kwambiri kum'mwera paphiri la mapiri Ural ndi okwera mpaka mamita 657 (nsonga ya phiri Boktybay). mapiri awa, kwenikweni, kuimira unyolo wa otsika ndi mapiri osaya ndi zomera ochepa. Places relict yakhalapo birch. Mugodzhary - gwero lofunika la zipangizo ku Kazakhstan. Apa ncho miyala ndi zina mwala nyumbayi.

Mapiri a kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa Kazakhstan

Kwakukulukulu lamapiri la Kazakhstan - kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa dziko. Apa ataliatali ranges wa Altai ndi Tarbagatai anapambulwa beseni mwa nyanja Zaisan. Pamodzi malire ndi China ndi Kyrgyzstan kutambasula Tien-Shan. Mwa njira, apa ndi chimbuzi mu dziko. Mu gawo kum'mwera kum'mawa kwa Kazakhstan zifukwa zingapo ranges mapiri ataliatali: Karatau, Junggar ndi Ile Alatau, Toksanbay ndi ena.

Mu dera Karaganda ndi Karkaralinsky Mountains. lomenyera iyi imakhala makamaka a lubwe, quartzite ndi porphyrites kudziwika madipoziti olemera ndi ores polymetallic.

Kum'mwera pali lalikulu ndi wowoneka bwino kwambiri lokwera Karatau (ndi Tien Shan). Pali malo ambiri wa munthu wakale anapezeka. Kudzera chochitika, lokwera ndi woyenera kuti mupezeke chitetezo UNESCO. Osiyanasiyana zovuta Karatau miyala osiyana: sandstones, shales, limestones, ndi zina. malire ake ndi ambiri karst njira ndi zochitika. Pa otsetsereka a zanga Karatau ureniamu otukuka, chitsulo, ores, komanso mankwala.

yachonde Mangyshlak

Mangyshlak yachonde (Mangystau kapena) ili pa chilumba chomwecho mu dera la kumadzulo kwa dziko. kutalika kwake pafupifupi - 200-300 mamita pamwamba pa nyanja. Ku malo okwera kumpoto m'mphepete mwa mapiri ndi okwera a Mangistau kuti mamita 556. Kummawa, chitadutsa bwino mu pafupi yachonde Ustyurt.

Pali Mabaibulo osachepera awiri pa chiyambi cha dzina m'mapiriŵa. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti "Mangistau" anamasuliridwa kuchokera chinenero Chikazaki monga "wintering zikwi." Koma Chitekimeni kafukufuku K. Annaniyazov mawu "mangylshak" anamasuliridwa kuti "mudzi waukulu." Mu Soviet Union, chifukwa kavalidwe munakhala dzina Mangyshlak, koma masiku ano Kazakhstan dzina lake kale mosiyana - Mangystau.

"Chipululu. Kwathunthu popanda zomera iliyonse - inde mchenga mwala "- kotero anafotokoza malo awa wotchuka Chiyukireniya ndakatulo Taras Grigorevich Shevchenko. Inde, nyengo zikuchepa chokhala ndi louma kwambiri, mitsinje ndi watercourse osatha pafupifupi palibe. Malo m'dera wolemera dziko la mbalame, umene pali kuposa pali mazana zosiyanasiyana.

Mangyshlak Plateau wolemera chuma mchere. Pali miyala ya mafuta, mkuwa, manganese miyalayo, miyala galasi ndi thanthwe mankwala. Mangyshlak komanso kwambiri magwero kuchiritsa mchere madzi: enaake, bromide ndi sodium wochuluka.

The zambiri zosangalatsa malo okwera Mangyshlak? Osanenapo chakuti pa malekezero a kummawa anapanga wapadera Karagiye - kuya ku Kazakhstan ndi imodzi mwa kuya mu dziko. Malowa ali pamtunda pa mamita 132 pansi pa nyanja.

Caspian Depression

Pa mapiri, zigwa, steppes ndi m'chipululu cha Kazakhstan, ife kale anauza. Koma ponena za mpumulo wa dziko lino sizikanakhala kwathunthu popanda kutchulidwa kwa lowland wake waukulu.

Caspian Depression - yaikulu m'dera m'dera la makilomita lalikulu 200 thousand (pafupifupi dera limodzi akuchita Republic of Belarus). Iwo m'mphepete mwa dera la kumpoto kwa Nyanja ya Caspian. Pankhaniyi, malire kumpoto lowland mapiri Common Syrt, ndi kuchokera kumadzulo - ndi Ural ndipo Ustyurt yachonde. M'zigwa ali mawonekedwe zayamba yosalala pamwamba, pang'ono okonda Nyanja Caspian. Kutalika wachilengedwe osiyanasiyana ake kuchokera mamita -30 150 pamwamba pa nyanja.

Caspian lowland kuwoloka chigwa cha mitsinje zisanu: ndi Volga, Ural, Emba, Terek ndi Kuma. Mkati otsika a - kwambiri nyanja osaya, amene mcherewo ncho mwachangu.

Nyengo zikuchepa chokhala ndi youma, mphepo zotentha kawirikawiri. Mu kumpoto lowland kukula chowawa udzu steppe, ndi kum'mwera chimakhala chogwidwa ndi chipululu ndi theka chipululu malo. Nthawi zambiri pali mchere malawi ndi m'madambo mchere. Am'deralo ntchito Caspian lowland ngati msipu yaikulu. Komanso akufotokozera Masamba ndi mavwende.

Pachimake apamwamba mu Kazakhstan

Khan Tengri - zisonga pyramidal nsonga ya Tien Shan, chimbuzi ku Kazakhstan. Kutalika mtheradi wa mapiri - mamita 6995, ncholinga cha ayezi chipolopolo - mamita 7010.

Yokhala Phiri Khan-Tengri ndi pa mphambano za mayiko atatu: Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan ndi China - motero kufanizira mtendere ndi mgwirizano pakati pa maiko atatuwa. Woyamba m'mbiri ya izi okwera mapiri anagonjetsa Soviet Mikhail Pogrebetskiy Boris Tyurin ndi Franz Zauberer. Izi zinachitika mu 1931. gulu bwino zida ngati kuukira Basmachi - partisans amene anathira nkhondo a Soviet Union ku Central Asia.

6 zosangalatsa za pamwamba Khan Tengri:

• pa nsonga ya pali dzina chachiwiri - Magazi Mountain (chifukwa ambiri okwera amene anamwalira kukwera pa izo);
• lero pali 25 njira zosiyana, zomwe mungathe kukwera pamwamba;
• pamwamba pa m'manda ndi kapisozi apadera okwera onse kusiya maganizo awo zotsatirazi agonjetsi ake;
• kudziwika climber Anatoly Bukreyev wotchedwa pachimake lokongola kwambiri pa dziko;
• mu 2002 ku Kyrgyzstan anapereka banknote wa soms 100 ndi chithunzi cha nsonga ya;
• umboni kwa Yokwerera ambiri Khan Tengri ndi climber Gleb Sokolov ku Novosibirsk, amene anaimirira pamwamba nthawi 34!