Kugwa kwa Ottoman: mbiri osiyanasiyana, zotsatira ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

The First World nkhondo, zimene zinabweretsa mavuto osaneneka kwa anthu a ku Ulaya, anapanga kugwa mosalephera wa Ottoman kwa zaka chogwidwa pa malo aakulu, zomwe akhala kapolo wa kufalikira voracious asilikali. Amakakamizidwa kuti agwirizane ku Central Mphamvu, monga Germany, Austria-Hungary ndi Bulgaria, ndi nawo anakumana kuwawa kugonja, sangathe kunena zambiri za ndekha kutsogolera ufumu padziko lonse.

Woyambitsa wa Ottoman

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XIII, Osman Gazi Ine tinatengera kwa bambo anga Bey Ertogrul mphamvu pa ambiri khamu Turkey okhala pa dziko la Frugiya. Kulengeza ufulu wa malowa ochepa ndi kutenga mutu wa Sultan, iye anatha kugonjetsa mbali yaikulu ya Asia Minor napeza amphamvu ufumu, dzina lake polemekeza wake Ottoman. Iye amayembekezeka mbali yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya dziko lapansi.

Kale pakati za m'ma XIV asilikali Turkey anafika pa gombe la Europe ndi kuyamba kukula yaitali, likhale boma XV-XVI zaka chimodzi cha zazikulukulu mu dziko. Komabe, chiyambi cha kugwa kwa Ottoman, pakhala pali kale m'zaka za m'ma XVII, pamene osadziwa kulephera patsogolo ndi wosagonjetseka Turkey asilikali zowawa nkhonya akufinya pa makoma a likulu la Austria.

Kugonjetsedwa loyamba la azungu

Mu 1683, a khamu Ottoman anathamangira ku Vienna anagonjetsa mzindawo unazunguliridwa. anthu ake anamva zambiri zokhudza makhalidwe zakutchire ndi ankhanza akunjawo zimenezi zinasonyeza zozizwitsa za ungwazi, kudziteteza ndi okondedwa awo ku imfa. Malinga ndi mbiri yakale, kupambana zokometsera kukuchitika ntchito chifukwa chakuti panali ambiri otchuka atsogoleri a asilikali a zaka pakati pa asilikali asilikali, amene anatha mwaluso mwamsanga kukhwimitsa zonse zofunikira kumbuyo.

Kodi tsogolo la anthu a wakhala anatsimikiza kuthandiza anazinga anafika, Mfumu ya Poland. Adathawa, kusiya Akristu zofunkha. Kupambana kumeneku, yomwe inayamba kugwa kwa Ottoman, anali anthu a ku Ulaya, koposa zonse, mtengo maganizo. Iye kumatha nkhani ya invincibility mwa madoko wamphamvu yonse, monga unali mwambo azungu kuyitana Ottoman.

Yambani zomvetsa Kupititsa

kugonjetsedwa izi, komanso angapo zolephera wotsatira achititsa wandende mwa January 1699 Karlovitskogo dziko. Malinga ndi chikalata ichi Porta anataya asanafike akulamulira dera la Hungary, Transylvania ndi Timisoara. malire ake kuti ankatembenukira kum'mwera kwa mtunda ndithu. Anali kale kwambiri nkhonya wolemetsa umphumphu lachifumu.

Mavuto m'zaka XVIII

Ngati zoyambirira za lotsatira, atumwi XVIII, zinali zodzaza ndi kupambana zina ankhondo a Ottoman, kuwalola ngakhale imfa ndi zosakhalitsa Derbent, koma kusunga mwayi kwa Black ndi Azov Pacific, theka lachiwiri kwa zaka za m'ma angapo zokhumudwitsa, komanso kudziwa kugwa tsogolo la Ottoman.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa nkhondo Turkey, zomwe Catherine II zinachititsa kuti Ottoman Sultan, anapanga chizindikiro chotsiriza mu July 1774 Mtendere umene Russia analandira dziko anatambasula pakati pa Dnieper ndi Kumwera Bug. chaka chamawa chimabweretsa tsoka watsopano - Port wotaya ceded ku Austria Bukovina.

Anamaliza kwa Ottoman XVIII m'ma tsoka wathunthu. Final kugonjetsedwa mu nkhondo Chirasha Turkey zinachititsa kuti mapeto a akumane kwambiri ndi manyazi Jassy dziko, malinga ndi zimene zinyalala ku Russia onse kumpoto Black Sea dera, kuphatikizapo Crimea chilumba.

Siginecha pa chikalata zikalata kuti tsopano ndi kwanthawizonse Crimea wathu, kuika Prince Potemkin panokha. Komanso, Ottoman anakakamizika m'manja m'mayiko Russian pakati pa Bug Kumwera ndi Dniester, komanso kuti mulimbane ndi imfa ya malo lake lalikulu mu Caucasus ndi Balkans.

Chiyambi cha m'ma watsopano ndi mavuto atsopano

Chiyambi cha kugwa kwa Ottoman m'zaka 19 amayembekezeka ake kugonjetsedwa wina mu Chirasha Turkey nkhondo ya 1806-1812. Motero anali kusaina mu Mzinda wa wina zoona, chimawononga Pangano M'madoko. The mbali Russian anali makamaka ovomerezeka Mihail Illarionovich Kutuzov, ndi Turkey - Ahmed Pasha. Dera lonse kuchokera Dniester kwa Prut adachoka Russia ndi linatchedwa dera loyamba la Bessarabia, ndiye m'chigawo cha Bessarabia, tsopano Moldova ndi.

The pofuna anthu a ku Turkey mu 1828, kufuna kubwezera Russia kwa kulephera zapitazi anatembenuka kugonjetsedwa latsopano ndi wina yolembedwa ndi chaka chamawa mu Andreapol Mtendere, zimaphwanya iwo za m'gawo kale wokongola skimpy wa Danube Delta. Pamwamba pa mavuto nthawi yomweyo ananena ufulu wodzilamulira Greece.

kupambana yochepa, kachiwiri kusintha zotupa

Nthawi yokha mwayi Ottoman pa Crimea nkhondo a 1853-1856, ineptly anataya Nicholas I. m'malo ake pa mpando wachifumu wa Russian mfumu Alexander II anakakamizika cede Bessarabia Porte kwambiri mbali, koma mu zaka wotsatira 1877-1878 nkhondo latsopano anabwerera ku mipando yawo.

Anapitiriza azingokhala wa Ottoman. Masuku pamutu kamphindi yabwino, m'chaka chomwecho iye wosiyana Romania, Serbia ndi Montenegro. Mayiko onse atatu ananena paokha. Iwo anathetsa XVIII m'ma cha mgwirizano Ottoman kumpoto Bulgaria ndi gawo yoperekedwa kwa iwo ufumu, dzina lake Kumwera Rumelia.

Nkhondo ndi Balkan Soviet

XX m'ma kunayamba kugwa chomaliza cha Ottoman ndi Turkey Republic maphunziro. Izi anali yoyamba zingapo, yomwe inayamba mu 1908, Bulgaria ananena ufulu wodzilamulira ndi kutha potero kwa mazana asanu Turkey goli. Pambuyo nkhondo ya 1912-1913, analengeza Porte Balkan Union. Amaphatikiza Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia ndi Montenegro. Cholinga cha limati awa anali adani a m'madera wachokera pamene Ottoman.

Ngakhale kuti Turkey asilikali awiri amphamvu, South ndi North, nkhondo, imene inatha mu chigonjetso cha Balkan Alliance, zinachititsa kusaina mgwirizano wina ku London, zimaphwanya nthawi iyi Ottoman pafupifupi buku lonse Balkan Peninsula, kusiya ake ndi mbali yaing'ono chabe ya Istanbul ndi Thrace. Mbali yaikulu ya m'madera wotanganidwa mwalandira, Greece ndi Serbia, omwe kuchuluka likuvutika m'dera lawo kuwirikiza kawiri. Masiku amenewo, ndipo anapanga boma latsopano - Albania.

Kulengeza Republic of Turkey

Mmene kugwa kwa Ottoman mu zaka zotsatira, inu mukhoza kulingalira chabe, kutsatira njira ya Dziko Lonse Yoyamba. Pofuna atengenso osachepera mbali ya anataya m'zaka otsiriza, madera, ndi Port nawo maudani, koma kuti tsokali wake, pa mphamvu yoluza mbali - Germany, Austria-Hungary ndi Bulgaria. Zinali nkhonyayo komaliza, onongani ufumu kamodzi wamphamvu, kubweretsa mantha dziko lonse. Sindinkafuna adzamupulumutsa ndi kupambana 1922 kugonjetsa Greece. The ndondomeko ya azingokhala anali kale sizingasinthe.

The First World nkhondo inatha ndi kusaina M'madoko mu 1920 Sevres Pangano umene ogwirizana mopanda manyazi pilfered m'mbuyomu, anakhalabe pansi pa ulamuliro Turkey gawolo anapambana. Zonsezi zinachititsa kuti kugwa wathunthu ndi kulengeza ake 29 October 1923 Republic of Turkey. Zimenezi n'zimene adali mathero a nkhani zoposa mazana asanu ndi Ufumu wa Ottoman.

Akatswiri ambiri kuona chifukwa kugwa kwa Ottoman, makamaka backwardness wa ndalama zake, mlingo wochepa kwambiri za mafakitale pali misewu zokwanira ndi njira zina kulankhulana. Mu dziko imene ili mlingo wa feudalism akale, pafupifupi anthu onse anali osaphunzira. Ndi zizindikiro zambiri ufumu anali ziipe olemera kuposa mayiko ena nyengo.

umboni cholinga kuti kugwa kwa ufumu

Kuyankhula nkhani ziti anasonyeza azingokhala wa Ottoman, ayenera otchulidwa poyamba njira zonse ndale zikuchitika ku chiyambi cha m'ma XX ndi N'zosatheka nthawi kale. Akutchedwa Young Turk utasintha cha 1908, imene anagwira mphamvu mamembala dziko la bungwe "Union ndi Patsogolo". Iwo analanda Sultan ndi kuika malamulo.

Boma yaitali anakhalabe okha mphamvu, m'malo ndi mbali ya kutsitsidwa Sultan. Yotsatira nthawi anadzazidwa ndi magazi chifukwa cha mwansanga chikumenyana magulu ndi kusintha kwa olamulira. Onse umboni wosatsutsika chakuti wamphamvu mphamvu centralized wapita, nadza kugwa kwa Ottoman.

Mwachidule mwachidule, iwo ayenera kuti Turkey wamaliza njira, kwa zaka anawakonzera onse States, asiya m'mbiri. Ichi ndi kubadwa, mofulumira maluwa ndipo potsiriza kuchepa, nthawi zambiri kumayambitsa kutha awo. The Ottoman sanapite kwathunthu padera, kukhala masiku ano, ngakhale wosakhazikika, koma osati membala lalikulu kwa anthu padziko lonse.