Makolo akale a akavalo, ndi nyama ofanana. Evolution wa kavalo

Kuyambira kale mbali imodzi yofunika kwambiri nyama iwo amene akhala kuŵetedwa munthu ndi kavalo. Popanda sikutheka kulingalira nkhani zambiri kuchokera ku mbiriyakale ya chitukuko kwathu: kusamuka kwa anthu, nkhondo lalikulu ndi kugonjetsa maiko lonse ... Inde, kuweta nyama zimenezi zinali kutali zingapo, ndipo wakale makolo kavalo anatipatsa zamakono "Baibulo" mwana wake m'malo posachedwapa .

Mwa njira, amene anali, izi makolo chomwecho? Ngati akavalo adziwe chinachake pafupifupi aliyense, ndiye nkhaniyi pafupifupi osadziwika. Mungakonzere izi kusamvetsetsa osauka, takonzekera nkhaniyi.

Hyracotherium, zaka miliyoni 54-38 zapitazo

Iyi ndi nthawi ya Eocene. Pa nthawi imeneyo, Earth anapita kuzungulira membala wamkulu wa akavalo banja. Pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansili ali ndi nkhalango zikuluzikulu, anthu ambiri amene anali mwangwiro ndinazolowera moyo wotere. Nyama nthawi analipo kale, koma ankakonda zing'onozing'ono ndi khalidwe chete momwe mungathere, ndipo ndatsala ndekha ndi pogona pa Kukada.

Makolo oyambirira a kavalo, Hyracotherium nthawi anali ngati nyama amantha. M'pomveka kunena kuti asayansi amakono kholo la akavalo ndi nyama ankaona yekha ndi otetezedwa kwambiri. Choyamba, amanena kuti banja wakale wa palaeotheriidae, amene anapereka makolo osati za akavalo ano, koma kalekale brontotheres zinatha. Kachiwiri, nyama anali kale 20 masentimita pa phewa ndi Miyendo yake inali palibe ziboda. Mwachidule, ndiye ndi mochuluka monga mtundu wina wa mtundu osowa wa amphaka kuposa mahatchi.

Ndipo ilo linali loona: Makolo ambiri wakale wa akavalo anali ofanana ndi amene ana awo okha amene anali zamiyendo Inayi. Koma! Iwo ankadya masamba zitsamba kakang'ono, monga udzu mu mibadwo akutali padziko lapansili sanapezeke. Kwa nkhani zina zonse, iwo anali ophiphiritsa anthu a m'nkhalango, amene sanali akuthamanga steppe lapansi. Iwo Hyracotherium - baba wamkulu wa kavalo.

Komabe, m'pofunika kutsindika kamodzinso kuti anali alibiretu mbali ya mtundu chamakono. Kumlingo Hyracotherium tinganene kuti makolo a nambala yaikulu nyama zambiri zimene ife mwina sadzaphunzira chilichonse. Tangoganizani chiyambi cha Pleistocene yekha artiodactyl panali oposa 200 mitundu, ndipo (nthawi) sanali malire!

Equines C unkachitika za zinthu zofanana. Masiku ano m'dziko la pali munthu pazipita theka mitundu khumi, pamene mu nthawi zakale za chiwerengero chawo, mwina mazana a mitundu ndi zosiyanasiyana subspecies!

Mesohippus, zaka miliyoni 40-32 zapitazo

Apa ndi nyama kale tinganene kuti ndi ngati hatchi. The zinafota mesohippus kale anakula 60 cm, ndi pa mapazi ake anali ndi zala zitatu zokha, ndipo chiwerengerochi chinakwera yaitali ndi chachikulu kuposa ena awiri.

Ndi pokhapokha ngati inu muyang'ana pa kapangidwe ka chigaza ndi mano, likukhalira kuti patsogolo pathu - lililonse zamiyendo Inayi nyama, Pete mwapadera kawiri masamba ndi nthambi zazing'ono. Grass sizinali makamaka zofunika. kusintha kwambiri chikuoneka chifukwa lakuthwa zinthu kusintha kwa malo ngati Hyracotherium ankakhala wandiweyani ndi molondola kuteteza nkhalango awo, mesohippus anakakamizidwa kusuntha mu osowa zone nkhalango-steppe.

Space zambiri chiwerengero cha adani nayenso kuchuluka. Choncho, awa makolo akale a akavalo, anakakamizika kuthamanga kwambiri, kuti atumikire monga chokongoletsera tebulo munthu. Chifukwa ichi iwo pang'onopang'ono atayamba manja zala lateral, amene yekha oletsedwa kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga pa nthaka, dongosolo m'mimba wakhala rougher ndi kuchuluka m'litali, ndi mano kukhala stiffer ndi yankholi.

Musaiwale za brontotheres tatchulawa, ndiwo waukulu nyama equine anakhalako padziko lapansi. Mosiyana ndi "akavalo" nyengo, nyama zimenezi zambiri amatikumbutsa rhinos zamakono, ndipo kwa zaka zambiri anakhala zazikulu yekha ndi bulkier. Mwa njira, mu malingaliro awo, nawonso, anali nyanga, koma mosiyana rhinoceros ndi (kuchokera Chipembere nyanga lachokera ku khungu), zinali fupa.

Kumapeto kwa Oligocene nyengo anayamba zikuchitika osati zosangalatsa kwambiri kwa anthu a kusintha dziko: izo anakhala m'dziko, nkhalango ndi masamba zobiriwira wakhala waponya. Chimphona ndi voracious brontotheres chabe kufa ndi njala, koma mbiri ya akavalo panthawi imeneyo anali tangoyamba. Iwo akukhala kwambiri osiyanasiyana, latsopano zamoyo zinachita nthambi anaonekera. Inde, ambiri a iwo akhala mapeto akufa, koma ena wafunsira nyama anapulumuka kwa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri.

Miogippus, zaka miliyoni 36-24 zapitazo

Mesohippus anamwalira kunja, m'malo iwo abwere miogippus. Pa nthawi kuti anaonekera choyamba kwenikweni lalikulu malo otsegula (onse amakono tchire), koma pa nthawi yomweyo, udakalipo nkhalango yaikulu kuposa chinyama ichi chinali akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira. Iye ni mmodzi wa nyama rarest, amene anali awiri okha kwambiri subspecies osiyana, nkhalango ndi steppe. Pang'ono subspecies nkhalango anasamukira ku North America, ku anafika anchitherium. Koma akavalo awa wakale kuti nyengo - izo steppe mitundu.

Chachikulu kusiyana kwa mesohippus anali kuti zolimba mu miogippusa zala osati kokha, komanso mano. Achita wamphamvu kwambiri komanso wowawa. The chida abwino akupera lalikulu zedi la udzu molimba steppe. Mwa njira, anatengera kudya amphamvu ndi wandiweyani michere-osauka zakudya anatumikira makolo a akavalo m'malo abwino pa chiyambi cha kuzirala lonse. Species kuti amakonda masamba wachifundo ndi nthambi achinyamata mitengo, akufa mu magulu a ziweto.

Anchitherium, "ana a mbali." zaka miliyoni 24-5 zapitazo

Choncho amene anali anchitherium yomweyo anatsika ku nkhalango "Mabaibulo" miogippusa? Koposa zonse, anakumbutsa mesohippus kuti pa nthawi ya maonekedwe ake kale mu utumiki kufa: mtundu wa Chinaga wake ndi zala zitatu, anadya nthambi ndi masamba. Mukhoza ndikuganiza, zamoyo wa kavalo ku nkhani yake yatha: baba wa nyama yawo, iye sanatero pano mawonekedwe.

Parahippus, zaka miliyoni 24-17 zapitazo

Ambiri, ndi koposa monga parahippus anafanana ndi anthu a akavalo ano, kholo limene iye anali. Mu "zida" wake panali miyendo latsopano mwamtheradi ndi mano. More ndendende, iwo sanali kwambiri zatsopano kwambiri bwino. nyama koyamba kuthamanga osati m'dera lonse phazi, ndicho pa lalifupi, zala zake unakhuthala.

chakuti m'nkhalango Miocene anakhala zochepa, koma chiwerengero cha steppe ndi yokutidwa ndi zomera herbaceous, chawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, ena m'misasa chiyani pafupifupi sanali, koma chifukwa makolo a akavalo anayenera inapita patsogolo kwambiri.

Apa m'pofunika kupanga MPATUKO. History amadziwa milandu mahatchi angapo kukhala solipeds pa nthawi ino anapita njira zina. Tikuyankhula zokhudza tapir lapansi. Iwo alinso zina iwo (akavalo) makolo amene anasankha kupita ndi nkhalango kwawo, osati atengere zovuta za steppes lapansi.

Merikgippus, zaka miliyoni 17-11 zapitazo

Merikgippus anali kwakukulukulu ofanana parahippus. Mapewa a "kakang'ono kavalo" wafika mita, ndi pa mapazi ake ziboda woona. Mano a ziweto limeneli Choncho ndinazolowera kudya udzu, koma osati masamba, monga abale ake ambiri.

Dziwani kuti nthawi ya m'nkhalango anayamba pang'onopang'ono kutsitsimutsa. Theoretically merikgippus akhoza ayambanso okhala nkhalango, kupita kwa zosavuta kukonza masamba. Izo ziri mwa nkhalango anali akadalipo miogippusy ndi anchitherium, koma chifukwa kagawo kakang'ono chakudya anali wotanganitsidwa. Choncho, makolo a akavalo, ndi nyama ofanana nthawi zambiri anali mu mkhalidwe mavuto atasemphana zamoyo monga iwo anagwiritsa ntchito chakudya chomwecho.

N'zotheka kuti mu nkhani ya m'ziwawa kubweranso kwa nkhalango padziko lathuli lero kuti kukhala mbeu anchitherium ndi okhala nkhalango, koma nyengo anapitiriza kukhala ndi chowawa. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma mu nkhalango, kumene kunali kholo lakale la kavalo, pafupifupi munthu mmodzi anabwerera (ena kuchotserapo kuti lamulo limeneli tatchulazi).

Hipparion, zaka miliyoni 15-2 zapitazo

Nyama zimenezi zinali za 20 mitundu, ndi nthawi yawo yoyamba zikhoza kuganiziridwa kavalo zoona, popanda zosungitsa iliyonse. Koposa zonse iwo anali ngati akavalo ano, anali pafupifupi yofanana. Pa mapazi awo anatsala wachitatu ndi wachinayi zala, koma mawonekedwe a njira achikalekale. Awa anali makolo a akavalo awa. akavalo awa akhoza molondola ankaona ngati bwino kwambiri ku mfundo zamoyo view.

mitundu izi anakhalako zaka pafupifupi padziko lonse lapansili. chinsinsi Home kuti zokwiriridwa ndi chifukwa ikutha awo. Zinali mitundu bwino kwambiri, bwino ndinazolowera zikhalidwe za malo awo. Asayansi ena adakhulupirira (ndi kukhulupirira lero), nthambi zikuluzikulu za equines kusanduka tiyenera kuziganizira ndendende nyama zimenezi, pamene zamoyo wa kavalo ali ndi nthambi mbali. Mfundo bwino anatengera maganizo chikuchititsa kutha awo si choncho. Mwina izi zonse ndi kusintha kwa nyengo yomweyo.

Pliogippus, zaka miliyoni 12-5 zapitazo

Ndipo tsopano tiona kumapeto kwenikweni akufa mu chitukuko cha banja - pliogippusa. Kwa nthawi yaitali ankakhulupirira kuti anali owona, kholo mwachindunji mahatchi zamakono zonse. Koma zokwiriridwa pambuyo akatswiri ena anapeza kuti kapangidwe ka chigaza ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi kavalo.

Komabe, kulakwitsa wapadera sizinayende: pambuyo pa zonse, ndi kuti nyama anali m'banja la merikgippusa monga hipparions. Ambiri mwina, pliogippusy anali mtundu Transitional pakati oimira banja nkhalango ndi steppe. Pa nthawi imene nyengo anali ndi oyenera ndi zofewa ndi wosavuta kuti ndizicheza ndi aliyense, koma ndiye yozizira anapitiriza, ndi mtundu uwu sitingakhale kupikisana ndi achibale awo apadera kwambiri.

Mwina pa nthawi imeneyo (za 2 miliyoni zapitazo), athu 'zakutchire' makolo ndi akavalo zakutchire kwa nthawi yoyamba iwo akumana. N'kutheka kuti msonkhano umenewu anali wa khalidwe mwangwiro gastronomic. Patapita zaka zambiri anthu pa dziko anakhala australopithecines, ndipo iwo ali silingakhale chidwi ndi kuweta mahatchi.

5 miliyoni - 8000 zapitazo

Kodi mukuganiza kuti pa chiyambi cha Pleistocene kavalo ano kwathunthu anapulumuka "oldies" mu nkhope ya hipparions ndi astrogippusa? Ayi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, zinadziwika yambiri ogawika-hoofed herbivores zimene makolo a akavalo, ubwenzi sizinali zabwino kwambiri, chifukwa iwo ntchito m'munsi wamba chakudya.

Komanso, pa nthawi imeneyo ku America South anatsala mitundu wakale kwambiri ndi wosazindikira wa equines, zomwe malo ena kalekale zisathe. Koma ndiye inali nthawi ya Pleistocene, ndi dziko anabwera pafupi ayezi zaka. Panali ambiri mitundu (monga elasmotherium) kuti akhoza unalipo mu mavuto a nyengo. Asayansi lero amavomereza kuti kutha kwa nyama zimenezi chifukwa kuti zochita za anthu, koma ndi zomwe zimayambitsa masoka kwathunthu.

Koma ife anafotokoza nkhani ochezera akavalo. Kodi zonse izi zalumikizana? mfundo ndi yakuti chifukwa cha chithunzithunzi ozizira mitundu akulu (ierikgippusy) potsiriza kufa kwathunthu, koma chifukwa makolo a akavalo awa ali "mpata", anayamba kukhala ndi analanda magawo atsopano.

zaka mamiliyoni anayi zapitazo - lero

Kumene, mitundu yonse chachikale chinkawavuta zisathe mu nyengo limodzi. Choncho, pliogippus mbisoweka zaka mamiliyoni asanu zapitazo, kotero kuti m'lingaliro m'mbiri, iwo anakhalako zaka pafupifupi dzulo.

Popeza ngakhale australopithecines sanali kale kuposa zaka 3 miliyoni zapitazo, anthu ikutha awo si mlandu. Choyamba, dziko inali kuyamba yozizira. Chachiwiri, pa siteji nyama zokhala-hoofed, dongosolo m'mimba imene inali nthawi zambiri changwiro choposa. Mwa njira, chifukwa cha kutha kwa ambiri amphamvu - chakudya chomwecho, osati munthu ndi mikondo wake achikale. Chosowa chakudya zopangidwa wakale akavalo "dziko" komanso mofulumira, ndipo ambiri a mtundu wawo chabe mbisoweka.

Akavalo pa nthawi kale nzika tione ano ndi makhalidwe a dongosolo mkati. Nyengo anakhala bata, moti anayamba kufalitsa pa m'madera ambiri. Komanso zamoyo wa kavalo anali pa zatsalira njira manja zala lachitatu ndi lachinayi, komanso chitukuko cha mundawo m'mimba. Lero, zamoyo za mitundu sanaime, koma adzakhala kwambiri kusokoneza chikoka pa ndondomeko ya munthu.

Kodi ndimadziwa momwe kwambiri maonekedwe osiyana adzakhala ndi kavalo, ngati akadali moyo mu udzu ndi mminda ya dziko kumene anthu silinafike!