Ambabzala apaulendo. Kodi chimasiyanitsa gulu la zomera ndi kayendedwe ka nyama? zomera zikule

Koyamba, dziko la zomera, zikuoneka wosasinthika. Koma pamene anaona otsimikiza kuti zimenezi si zoona. ambabzala zoyenda kumachitika pang'onopang'ono. Iwo amakula, ndipo izi zikutsimikizira kuti adamuyikizira ena kukula magalimoto. Ngati inu muika mbewu mu nyemba nthaka, m'mikhalidwe yabwino, iwo amayamba ayambe kukula proburavlivaya nthaka, kumabweretsa kuyatsa cotyledons awiri. Mchikakamizo cha kutentha ndi kuwala iwo anayamba kutembenukira wobiriwira ndi kuyenda mmwamba. Patapita miyezi iwiri awonekere zipatso zomera.

kukula kugunda mbewu

Kusunga kayendedwe, n'zotheka kugwira wapadera kanema. Chifukwa cha chochitika patsiku zingaoneke masekondi angapo. Growth inapita mu kayendedwe ka zomera maulendo kutsogolo kwa majeremusi njira yawo kupyolera mu nthaka, pachimake pa masamba mtengo pathupi ndi masamba duwa maluwa. Mu zenizeni, nsungwi amalima mofulumira kwambiri - ndi 0,6 mamilimita pa mphindi. Ngakhale kukula kugunda kwambiri ndi ena matupi chipatso cha bowa. ukuwonjezeka Diktiofor ndi kukula 5 mm mu miniti imodzi. Ali ndi kuyenda wamkulu wa zomera m'munsi - ndi algae, ndi bowa. Mwachitsanzo, chlamydomonas (algae) mwamsanga kusuntha ntchito michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana mu Aquarium pa mbali sunlit. Anachititsanso zoospores ambiri, amene ntchito kuswana (algae ndi bowa). Koma ku zomera zina. Maluwa kuchita magulu osiyana amene amagwirizana ndi kakulidwe. Iwo ali a mitundu iwiri - ndi tropism ndi yazokonza pansi.

tropism

Tropism amatchedwa njira ya mtundu wa zoyenda, amene anatani zinthu aliyense akutivutitsa: kuwala, mankhwala, mphamvu yokoka. Ngati anaika pa pawindo mbande mbewu balere kapena Mapila, patapita kanthawi, iwo onse kutembenuka mu msewu. Chotero kayendedwe ka zomera kuwala amatchedwa phototropism. Zomera Choncho kugwiritsa ntchito bwino mphamvu dzuwa.

Pakuti ambiri funso n'lakuti: chifukwa phesi ndi anakoka, ndi muzu limakula pansi? Zitsanzo zoterozo kuyenda mbewu wotchedwa geotropism. Pankhaniyi, tsinde ndi muzu m'njira zosiyanasiyana kuti avomere mphamvu yokoka. Movement imatsogoleredwa mu madera osiyana. Tsinde chimafikira oposa zosiyana za mphamvu yokoka - ndi zoipa geotropism. Mosiyana ndi khalidwe muzu, Chimakula mu njira yokoka kayendedwe - izi ndi zabwino geotropism. Onse tropisms anawagawa zabwino ndi zoipa.

Mwachitsanzo, mu mbewu umuna kumera mungu chubu. Pa zomera kukula mtundu mwachindunji ndi umalandira ovule, iwo akutchedwa hemotropizm positive. Ngati mungu tirigu ali ndi maluwa mtundu, chitoliro akufunitsitsa pa kukula, izo sizikula molunjika, izi ndondomeko kumathandiza umuna wa dzira. Iwo zimaonekera kuti akutali munsi zinthu zomera za mtundu wake chifukwa hemotropizm zabwino mlendo mitundu - negative.

Oyamba Darwin

Tsopano zikuonekeratu kuti tropisms mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kayendedwe ka zomera. Oyamba kuphunzira zifukwa kuti chifukwa tropism, anayamba chachikulu England Charles Darwin. Kwa iwo, anapezeka kuti mkwiyo wa amaona ndi mfundo kukula, pamene unakhota - m'munsi m'madera a elongation selo. Scientific adafotokoza kuti kukula limapezekanso pa chinthu madzi mu anatambasula zone, pali limapezeka unakhota. Darwin m'nthawi sanamvetse ndipo sanamvere ake nzeru lingaliro. Only mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, asayansi experimentally anatsimikizira kulondola otseguka. Anapeza kuti kukula phirilo (mu tsinde ndi mizu) mitundu ndi timadzi IAA, ayi - beta-indoleacetic organic acid. Kuyatsa amakhudza kameredwe mankhwala. Kumbali pamthunzi wa IAA zochepa dzuwa - kwambiri. Timadzi kufulumizitsa kagayidwe choncho mthunzi mbali amamuchititsa unakhota kwa kuwala.

kulowetsedwa

Dziŵani zina za kayendedwe ka zomera, wotchedwa kulowetsedwa. magulu awa ali oyanjana ndi akakufunsani zotsatira za mmene chilengedwe. Yazokonza pansi, nayenso akhoza kukhala zabwino kapena zoipa.

Dandelion inflorescence (dengu) anafotokoza mu kuwala ndipo analamula, mu kuwala zoipa - kutsekedwa. Zimenezi amatchedwa fotonastiey. Pa fodya onunkhira ndi zosiyana: maluwa ndi kuchepa mu Kuwala kunayamba kumuchitikira. Apa ukuoneka maganizo olakwika fotonastii.

Ndi kuchepetsa kutentha mpweya maluwa duwa atsekedwa - kumasonyeza termonastii. Kulowetsedwa kwenikweni komanso ali m'goli. Ndi mbewuzi mu mbali chapamwamba pamakhala ndi kutsegula, ndipo ngati mphamvu waukulu m'munsi - maluwa kutsekedwa.

contractile kayendedwe

Mu mitundu ina, kayendedwe ka mbali zomera ndi mofulumira kuposa kukula. Mwachitsanzo, oxalis kapena Mimosa wamanyazi uka contractile apaulendo.

Wamanyazi Mimosa umakhala India. Ndi nthawi yomweyo anawonjezera masamba ake pamene mbakuya. Mu nkhalango zathu ikukula oxalis, komanso kuzitcha izo orpin. Back mu 1871, Pulofesa Batalin aona zodabwitsa katundu izi chomera. Tsiku lina, pobwerera woodland amayenda, asayansi anasonkhanitsa gulu la oxalis. Pamene kugwedeza pa miyala yopangira ndi (iye anakwera zashuga a), zomera apanga masamba. Choncho pulofesa anakhala chidwi chodabwitsa ndipo anapeza malo atsopano: mchikakamizo cha zikuchitika masamba mbewu anawonjezera.

Madzulo oxalis masamba komanso pokha, ndipo mu mitambo nyengo ndiko mwamsanga. Dzuwa amphamvu pali anachita chomwecho, koma Kuwulura masamba ndiye kunabwezeretsedwa za 40-50 Mphindi.

Limagwirira kuyenda

Nanga kodi masamba oxalis ndi Mimosa manyazi tikudzipereka contractile kayendedwe? limagwirira Izi amagwirizana ndi mapuloteni contractile, umene umabwera mu zotsatira pa mkwiyo. Ndi kuchepetsa puloteni adadzonga mphamvu kwaiye mu ndondomeko ya kupuma. Iwo amasonkhana mu mbewu mu mawonekedwe a ATP (adenosine triphosphate). Pa kukondoweza kwa ATP linawola, chimandiswa kugwirizana ndi mapuloteni contractile anamasulidwa ndi mphamvu ali ATP. Choncho, ndondomeko ndi masamba anawonjezera. Only patapita nthawi ATP aumbike, kumakhudzana ndi kupuma ndondomeko. Ndiyeno masamba mungathe kamodzinso lotseguka.

Ife tinapeza chimene kayendedwe wodzipangitsa mbewu (Mimosa ndi matabwa sorelo), Tsatirani irritants. Dziwani kuti kuchepetsa udzachitika osati pa kusintha mu chilengedwe, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa zinthu mkati (ndondomeko ya kupuma). Oxalis tsamba makutu pambuyo mdima, koma adzayamba kudziwulula iwo ndi dzuwa ndipo usiku, pamene maselo kudziunjikira okwanira kuchuluka kwa ATP ndi reconnects kuti mapuloteni contractile.

Features

Pamwamba pa Chitsanzo zomera kayendedwe ali makhalidwe yake. Kuyangana oxalis m'chilengedwe wabweretsa ena zodabwitsa. Mu kudula ndi unyinji wa zomera za mitundu, pamene masamba onse zimagwidwa kuwuluridwa, anapeza nthawi masamba chatsekedwa. Mwamwayi, zomera pachimake pa nthawi ino (ngakhale chilimwe maluwa ndi mtundu wa yonyansa). Pamene maluwa oxalis amathera kwambiri pomanga mapangidwe maluwa, kwa Kuwulura masamba iye analibe zokwanira mphamvu.

Ngati Tikayerekeza nyama ndi zomera, ndi Dziwani kuti contractile kayendedwe iwo bwanji zifukwazo. Pali anachita zofanana ndi kuwalimbikitsa, mu nkhani iyi pali zobisika nthawi ya mkwiyo. Mu oxalis ndi masekondi 0,1. Pa Mimosa pa kukondoweza yaitali ndi masekondi 0,14.

Pothirirapo kukhudza

Poganizira kayendedwe ka zomera, tisaiwale kuti pali nthawi kuti angathe kusintha voteji wa zimakhala pamene inu apisanjike manja. Onse amene akudziwika squirting nkhaka boma okhwima pa kukondoweza amatha malovu kunja mbewu. Mavuto mkati pericarp zimakhala uniformly kumawonjezera ndi imfa ya madzi kapena chifukwa chotengera, ndi chipatso nthawi yomweyo kuwululidwa. A chithunzi ofanana ukuonekera, ndi pa zowawa za zomera Impatiens. N'zotheka kuti panopa kwakukulukulu chogwidwa si kukula, ndi contractile kayendedwe, koma icho chiri kuphunzira ndi asayansi.

General gulu la zomera kayendedwe

Movement wa mbewu asayansi ambiri anawagawira motere:

• Movement wa cytoplasm ndi organelles - okhudza maselo ambiri kuyenda.
• Locomotor kayendedwe ka maselo pogwiritsa ntchito michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana wapadera.
• Growth zochokera anatambasula kukula selo - izi zikuphatikiza elongation la mizu, mphukira, ziwalo ofananira, kukula tsamba.
• Kukula kwa tsitsi mizu, machubu mungu, Moss protonema, mwachitsanzo apical kukula.
• kayendedwe Stomatal - turgid kayendedwe panopa.

Locomotor kayendedwe ndi cytoplasmic kayendedwe chibadidwe onse zomera ndi nyama maselo. mitundu ina okha amene ali ndi zomera.

nyama gulu

Kuweta kayendedwe ka zomera takambirana. Monga nyama kusuntha ndi kusiyana kotani ndi kuwonetseredwa pasukuluyi nyama ndi zomera?

mitundu iliyonse nyama ndi imapanga akusuntha mu mlengalenga, mosiyana ndi zomera. Izi zimadalira amadalira chilengedwe. majeremusi ndi amasamukira pansi pamwamba pansi, mu madzi, mu mlengalenga ndi zina zotero. Ambiri amatha zofanana kwambiri ndi anthu. Izi zidalira pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana: chigoba dongosolo, pamaso pa nthambi, akalumikidzidwa awo, ndi zina. Kayendedwe ka nyama lagawidwa mitundu ingapo, waukulu ndi izi:

• Woyamba ndi ameba amagonjetsedwa. Chotero kayendedwe khalidwe la amoeba ndi - kwa zinthu zofanana. Thupi la zamoyo unicellular, izo lotengeka ndi prolegs - outgrowths wapadera.
• Losavuta. Mofananamo amoebic kuyenda. Protists amalimbikitsidwa ndi rotational, vibrational, undulations padziko torso awo.
• Zotakasika. Mtundu wa gululi amagwiritsidwanso yodziwika ndi zamoyo yosavuta. Pankhaniyi, akupita patsogolo ndi chifukwa amasulidwe ntchofu wapadera kuti amakankhira thupi.
• Akulu. Mtundu langwiro kwambiri kuyenda, amene ali achilendo onse multicellular. Kwa inunso aku munthu - chilengedwe apamwamba a chilengedwe.

Kodi chimasiyanitsa gulu la zomera ndi kayendedwe ka nyama

Aliyense nyama kayendedwe ake akuyenda cholinga - kukafunafuna chakudya, kusintha kwa malo, chitetezo kuukira, kubereka, ndi zambiri. Chuma chachikulu cha gulu lililonse - kayendedwe ka thupi lonse wonse. M'mawu ena, nyama ikuyenda kwathunthu padziko thupi. Izi ndi yankho waukulu kufunsa zomwe magulu osiyana zomera ndi kayendedwe ka nyama.

The ambiri ananena za zomera amamangiriridwa kukhalapo. dongosolo muzu - M'pofunika nkhani imeneyi, chili pamalo akutiakuti. Ngati mbewu ndi wosiyana ndi mizu Adzachita otaika. Sunthani payekhapayekha mu mlengalenga, zomera sangathe.

zomera ambiri amatha kuchita gulu lililonse contractile, monga zofunikila kale. Iwo amatha kutsegula pamakhala, masamba pindani pa kukondoweza, ndipo ngakhale igwire tizilombo touluka (Flycatcher). Koma magulu awa onse kudzachitika malo ena, komwe zomera limakula.

anapezazo

Movement wa zomera mu njira zambiri zosiyana kwa kayendedwe ka nyama, koma iwo zimachitika. Chomera kukula - ndi zithunzi kutsimikizira izi. Waukulu kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi izi:

• Zomera ndi pamalo amodzi, nthawi zambiri muzu. mtundu uliwonse wa nyama amatha kusamukira ku malo m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
• M'magulu awo nyama zonse ndi cholinga.
• Animal zikuzungulirira m'thupi lonse. Chomera akhoza kusuntha payekha mbali.

Movement - izi ndi moyo, ife tonse tikudziwa mawu awa. zamoyo zonse padziko lapansi lino ndi amasamukira, tiyeni ngakhale ali kusiyana kulikonse.