Kum'mawa funso

"Funso kum'mawa" monga mfundo ndi anatuluka mu m'ma 18 mochedwa Komabe, ngati zamtendere akuti iye Adadzadzidwa kudyedwa ndi 30s kwa zaka za m'ma 19. kubadwa kwake, iye afunika yomweyo zinthu zitatu: kuchepa kwa kamodzi wamphamvu Ottoman, kukula kwa kumasulidwa kayendedwe ndi kuponderezedwa Turkey, ndi kukulitsa za kusiyana ku Ulaya mphamvu mu Middle East.

The "Funso kum'mawa", kuwonjezera waukulu ku Ulaya, Egypt, Syria nao, gawo la Caucasus, etc.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 18, ufumu wa Ottoman Turkey, kamodzi likunena za mantha, sanali kumusamalira. Koposa zonse zinali zopindulitsa mu Austria, amene anakwanitsa kudutsa Hungary ku Balkans, ndi Russia, kukuza malire ake pa Nyanja Black mu chiyembekezo patali ndi malire Mediterranean.

Zonsezi zinayamba ndi kupanduka kwa Agiriki mu zaka 20 za m'ma 19. Zimenezi ndiponso kukakamiza West kuchita. Pambuyo kukana kwa mfumu yakumeneko Turkey kulandira ufulu wa Agiriki mgwirizano wa Russian asilikali British ndi French anawononga Turkey ndi Aigupto panyanja flotilla. Chifukwa, Greece anamasulidwa ku ulamuliro Turkey, ndi Moldavia, Wallachia ndi Serbia - Balkan zigawo Ufumu wa Ottoman - ndi kudziyimira pawokha, ngakhale kapangidwe kake.

Mu 30s za m'ma lomwelo kubwera ku mutu "Funso kum'mawa" anali otanganidwa kale onse katundu Middle East wa Ottoman Turkey: Egypt anapambana ku Syria wake overlord, ndipo okha phukusi la England N'chiyani zake.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, pali wina vuto: lamanja kuwoloka m'mavuto wa Dardanelles ndi Bosphorus, amene anali kulamulidwa ndi anthu a ku Turkey. Pansi panganoli, palibe warship wa State wina analibe ufulu kudutsa ndime yopapatiza, pamene Turkey anali mu mkhalidwe mtendere.

Izi zinali zosemphana ndi zofuna za Russia. "Funso kum'mawa" m'zaka 19 anatenga Poyankha wina kwa Russian pambuyo iye anachita monga angakuthandizeni la Turkey mu nkhondo pasha Iguputo. Against maziko a kugonjetsedwa wa Ottoman asilikali mfumu Nikolai woyamba anayambitsa Bosphorus squadron wake ndipo tidakocheza asilikali ambiri, mwaumbanda kuteteza Istanbul.

Chifukwa, mgwirizano linapangidwa, chimene m'mavuto ndi Turkey angalowe yekha Russian Zombo Zankhondo.

Patapita zaka khumi, mu makumi anai oyambirira, "Funso kum'mawa" kunakula. Port, analonjeza kutukula amoyo wa Chikhristu wa anthu ake, ndipotu anachita kanthu. Ndipo amitundu Balkan njira imodzi yokha kuti: kuyamba ndi nkhondo ndi goli Ottoman. Ndiyeno pa Russian Tsar nufuna kuti kumanja Sultan ndi kutetezedwa ndi nkhani Orthodox, koma Sultan anakana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anayamba Chirasha Turkey nkhondo, imene inatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali tsarist.

Ngakhale kuti Russia anataya, Chirasha Turkey nkhondo inali chimodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa poyankha "Funso kum'mawa". The ndondomeko yomenyera ya South Chisilavo anthu. Turkey ulamuliro mu Balkans analandira nkhonya wachivundi.

"Funso kum'mawa" mu mfundo yachilendo Russia ali ndi udindo, anali ndi mbali ziwiri zazikulu chifukwa: izi ndi Caucasus ndi Balkans.

Kuyesera kuti mukulitse Mabuku awo mu Caucasus, mfumu ya Russian anayesetsa kuti pakhale kulumikizana otetezeka ndi madera onse kumene azigwira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Balkans, anthu wamba kufuna kuthandiza asilikali Russian amene asilikali Ottoman anapereka wamakani kukana.

Mothandizidwa ndi asilikali Chisebiya ndi Chibugariya odzipereka mfumu anatenga mzinda wa Adrianople, potero kuika kutha kwa nkhondo.

Ndipo Kara malangizo anamasulidwa mbali yaikulu ya kumadzulo Armenia, amene wakhala chinthu kwambiri pa nkhondo.

Motero, pangano yosainidwa limene limanena kuti Russia amalandira m'dera mokwanira yaikulu ya Black Sea gawo la Caucasus, komanso ambiri Chiameniya dera. nkhani linathera ndi kudziyimira pawokha Greek.

Choncho, Russia wachita utumiki umenewu anthu Chiameniya ndi Greek.