Mulungu wa machiritso Ancient Greece: History ndi mfundo zosangalatsa

The wakale Greek mulungu wa machiritso, Asclepius anali. Mavuto ake amadziwika kuyamika magwero osiyanasiyana m'nthano. Mu heyday la Greece wakale dziko, panali 300 akachisi a Asclepius, kumene ansembewo ankachita m'dziko lake kudzera mwa njira matsenga wazotsatira.

mwana wa Apollo

Pali ziphunzitso zambiri za chiyambi cha Asclepius. Malinga ndi ambiri a iwo, mulungu wa machiritso anali mwana wa Apollo ndi nymph Coronis. magwero ena amati mayi wa Arsinoe, mwana wamkazi wa Leucippus. Nymph Coronis anali wokondedwa wa Apollo, koma kukhala ndi pakati mwa Mulungu anamusintha iye ndi munthu Iskhiem. Pa Olympus anaganiza zolanga onse a iwo. Iskhiya incinerated ndi mphezi. Izmenschitsa Coronis Apollo anapha munthu wa mivi yake dzuwa. Kenako inatentha nymph, pambuyo akwatule mwana m'mimba. Izi anali mulungu wa machiritso, Asclepius.

Apollo nampatsa mnyamata kuti maphunziro a centaur Chiron. Iye anali wosiyana kwambiri ndi kwambiri anansi ake. Pafupifupi onse Centaurs ankadziwika ndi uchidakwa, chiwawa, ndipo sakonda anthu. Chiron ankadziwikanso chifundo ndi nzeru zake. Pamene kunagwa pa maphunziro a mulungu Greek za machiritso, ndi centaur ankakhala Pelion - Phiri mu kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Thessaly.

Maphunziro Chiron

Ngakhale Asclepius chikudziwika ngati mulungu wa machiritso ku Greece pa kubadwa anali palibe zoposa. woyang'anira wake Chiron adayamba kuphunzitsa mankhwala mnyamata, ndipo posakhalitsa lakwaniritsa bwino chidwi. Nthawi zina Asclepius mfundo luso lake kuposa ngakhale centaur anzeru. Iye anayamba kuyenda kwa Greece ndi kuchitira anthu, ndi okhalamo a pachilumba cha Ko ngakhale anaphunzitsa ena zinsinsi zake (zambiri za izi mu "Annals" Tacitus anatchula).

Asclepius adalimbana ndi matenda oopsa. Honing luso lake, Asclepius (mulungu wa machiritso ku Greece) anaphunzira kutsitsimutsa anthu. Iyeyo anthu ake wamba a Greece aona chosafa. Chinsinsi cha luso lapadera wa Asclepius chinali mwazi wa Gorgon. Doctor nacho icho kuchokera kwa mulungu wamkazi wa nkhondo Athena. Pherecydes (chimodzi mwa zinthu akulemekezedwa wakale Greek Zisanu anamatetule) m'mabuku ake anatchula kuti Asclepius anaukitsa anthu onse okhala Delphi, kumene kuli kachisi wa Apollo atate wake unali.

imfa

Pamene Asclepius - mulungu wa machiritso mu Greek - anayamba massively kwezani wachivundi, miyambo ake achititsa chakukhosi mwa milungu ina. Amene ankakhala m'mphepete mwa dziko Thanatos, amene anakhala munthu akamwalira Ahelene, iye anapita kudandaula za zinthu zimene zikuchitika ku chachikulu Olimpiki Zeus. Kuuka anathyola dongosolo la dziko. Ali nawo moyo wosatha analandira, anthu wamba salinso wosiyana ndi milungu. Izi kusintha kwa zinthu sanali ambiri Olympians. Gods magalimoto ankasirira.

Patapita ganizo, Zeus anaganiza zolanga Asclepius. Mulungu wakale wa machiritso chidwi ndi bingu mphezi. Apollo, kuphunzira za imfa ya mwana wake, anakwiya kwambiri. Iye sakanakhoza kubwezera pa Zeus wamphamvu, ndipo m'malo anaukira cyclops linapanga zipata zotulukirapo. Chifukwa cha izi zolengedwa chimodzi-eyed anaphedwa.

Mpaka tsopano Asclepius komabe ankaona munthu. Kufa ndi mphezi Zeus, adadza ku mizimu ya tsoka Moira. Iwo anatsimikiza nthawi ya kubadwa ndi imfa ya munthu aliyense. Atamwalira Asclepius, iwo anaganiza kulibweretsa moyo. Choncho Mwana woukitsidwa wa Apollo anali mulungu. Kenako ambiri makhalidwe mbiri analandira analogue Roma wa Asclepius - mulungu wachiroma wa machiritso Aesculapius.

Ndodo ya Asclepius

Mu aliyense milungu nthano woyang'anira wa mankhwala yawoyawo zizindikiro zawo mosavuta maonekedwe. Pa chizindikiro cha Asclepius ndinakhala ndodo yake n'zogwirizana ndi njoka. Kuyambira Agiriki akale motere anadutsa ku Aroma, kenako kufalitsa ambiri a chitukuko anthu. Lero, ndi ndodo ya Asclepius - zachipatala chizindikiro lonse.

Mbiri yake kumayambitsa imodzi mwa nthano za mulungu wa machiritso. Malinga ndi nthano, Asclepius anabwera ku Krete kuukitsa mwana wa Mfumu Minos wotchuka. Pa ulendowo, anafika pa njoka. Animal obvilo ndodo, ndi Asclepius, popanda hesitating lachiwiri, namupha. Pomwepo panali njoka chachiwiri ndi udzu pa kamwa, chimene iye mozizwitsa anaukitsa choyamba. Ndinadabwa Asklepiyi anayamba kuyang'ana kwa chozizwitsa mankhwala, ndipo patapita kanthawi anamupeza iye. Kuyambira pamenepo, mulungu wa machiritso Agiriki akale nthawi zonse anali pa dzanja mankhwala opangidwa kuchokera ku zitsamba Cretan. Ndodo ya Asclepius ali kale ankaoneka ngati njoka n'zogwirizana ndi timitengo matabwa.

Mu mankhwala amakono, chikoka cha Agiriki, zinaonetsera osati mawonekedwe zizindikiro zojambulajambula. A mbali yaikulu ya terminology zachipatala akulimba zokhudza Greek akale. Chiyambi cha njira za makolo zachipatala choyamba anaonekera mu mabuku olembedwa pa chinenero wakale. Chofunika kwa mankhwala amakono Mayiko Latin, koma ambiri amadziwa wa Aroma anali kulamulidwa chabe Agiriki.

mpatuko

Ngati wina aliyense Greek mpatuko, mwambo wa Asclepius anali wotchuka kwambiri makamaka mu makamaka m'dera la dziko. Ndi changu chachikulu ndi mulungu ankalambira Epidaurus - mzinda ili mu kumpoto Peloponnese. Lero, mu malo ake anakhalabe yekha m'mabwinja a zisudzo wakale ndi, Chofunika kwambiri, akachisi a Asclepius. Palinso dziwe kusambira ndi kuchiritsa madzi matenthedwe. Iwo anali kubisala mu kachisi phanga, anamanga mu BC V atumwi. e. wotchuka wamanga Poliklet Wamng'ono. Opatulika a Asklepios zambiri anamanga pa malo a akasupe mchere ndi salubrious mpweya paini minda. Pa zofukulidwa m'mabwinja a Epidaurus mizati anapezeka pa steles anali losema kufotokoza nthawi yosangalatsa kuchiritsa odwala. Komanso opatulika wawonekera wodzazidwa ndi zakale osowa - chopangidwa ndi golide, siliva ndi za nsangalabwi zithunzi za ziwalo anachiritsa thupi (manja, mapazi, mitima, maso ndi makutu). Iwo wapabanja kachisi ngati malipiro a ntchito.

Asclepius opatulika analipo malinga ndi malamulo a m'chipinda chotetezeka wopatulika. Mwachitsanzo, iwo sakanakhoza kufa. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, kudwala wodwala (ngakhale anafika kumapeto kwa dziko) ku kachisi sikuloledwa. Analibe ufulu kulowa ndi amayi. Ansembe a Asclepius kutsatira mfundo okhwima. Kwa iwo, chithandizo kunalibe utumiki zachipatala, koma mwambo wachipembedzo, malamulo amene apanga malinga ndi mosamalitsa kumatanthauza miyambo ovomerezeka. Makamaka, malamulo Kwalamulidwa amachotsedwa opatulika onse amene amagwirizana ndi kubadwa ndi imfa. Mbali ina yofunika pa Kachisi wa Asclepius - kugwilizana ndi squeaky woyera. Lililonse newcomer kaye kutsukidwa gwero.

Kachisiyu choyamba mu ulemu wa Asclepius, asklepeydony, anaonekera mu Greece mu VI-IV zaka. BC. e. Kupatula Epidaurus ndi Ko likulu la mankhwala analinso Thessalian Trikka. magwero onse olemba wakale, olemba mbiri apeza umboni akachisi oposa 300 Asclepius, anabalalikira m'zigawo Greece wakale. Poyerekeza ndi zipangizo zamakono zachipatala, iwo anali zachipatala zambiri spas osati zipatala. Mu makachisi pophunzitsa onse zamatsenga ndi wakudziko chithandizo. Mankhwala wakale Greek, masukulu awiriwa si otsutsana ndi wina ndi mzake. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kachisi wa Asklepios muli makamaka mwakayakaya, ansembe ankatha kufunsira ndi anzawo a boma, sizikugwira ntchito mu malo a.

ansembe

Mulungu wakale wa mankhwala ndi machiritso anali ansembe ake, kutenga odwala muno. Chifukwa chochiritsa kwa iye anthu akubwera kuchokera konsekonse pa Greece. Health Agiriki akale kugwirizana ndi masewera, kotero onse Epidaurus chomwecho wotchuka chifukwa kusitediyamu ake, masewera olimbitsa thupi ndi mpikisano wodzipereka kwa Asclepius. Palinso kachisi wa mwana wake Hygieia, Aphrodite, Atemi ndi Themis. Mipingu ya mankhwala limodzi ndi nsembe za nyama (makamaka amuna), choncho lingaliro kuvomerezedwa iliyonse ya m'nyumba yopatulika guwa lina lalikulu.

Mulungu ali machiritso ake mpatuko kuzungulira BC VII atumwi. e. Mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti khalidwe m'nthano anali kwenikweni zinachitika a alipo - kunamveka ponseponse pa za Trojan nkhondo, dokotala ndi yeniyeni dzina chomwecho - Asclepius. Komanso, komanso anali mfumu ya Thessaly, komanso mlengi wa mwini banja sukulu yake ya udokotala.

The Greek maphunziro zamankhwala zina zofanana ndi amakono. Archeologists ndi mbiri yakale atsimikizira kuti weniweni zachipatala sukulu zinachitika ku Pergamo, ndi pa Ko. Kutumikira mu kachisi analola ndipo anapereka lumbiro wopatulika kulowa Asclepiadae ammudzi. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mawu akuti anaonekera mu mabuku akale Greek mu BC VI atumwi. e.

mankhwala Ancient

Machiritso mu akachisi ophatikizana matsenga ndi njira wazotsatira. Njira yofala mankhwala akhala mankhwala, madzi ndi ntchito gymnastic. The mwambo wa machiritso wopatulika nthawi iliyonse inatha makulitsidwe mwambo, unachitikira mu zomera yaitali pamodzi mpanda wa kachisi, kumene zinali zotheka ndi chilolezo chapadera. Ansembe ntchito mankhwala ndi njira kutsirikidwa kutumikiridwa kwa wodwala mu mkhalidwe kugona yokumba. Dzoma kuwayamikira zisudzo ed (chodabwitsa cha njoka zopatulika kapena ngakhale Mulungu yekha).

Mu 430 BC. e. Greece anagwidwa ndi nthenda yoopsa, omwe anapha anthu ambirimbiri. mankhwala anali sangafanane ndi mliri Chotero anthu anakhala zambiri kulabadira onse a zamatsenga. Pa nthawi yomweyo njoka wopatulika wa Asclepius ku Epidaurus anagwidwa Atene kumene Acropolis anamanga kachisi watsopano. Kulambira mulungu wa machiritso inawala ndi mphamvu kuposa kale lonse. miyambo yachipembedzo anabweretsa kwa ansembe a Asclepius phindu lalikulu. akachisi a Mulungu akale chinasiyana ndi kuchuluka chidwi cha ulemerero wake.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti si onse Agiriki ankachita makulitsidwe ndi zoyambitsidwa za ansembe ndi kulemekeza chipembedzo. Mu wotchuka "Plutus" sewero lanthabwala (388 BC. E.) Mwa Aristophanes limatiuza za zokhumudwitsa zambiri owawa mu efficacy mwambo matsenga tulo.

Ikani Asclepius mu gulu wakale Greek

M'nthano chifanizo cha Asclepius, ndi mbali zake zonse khalidwe ali ndi mizu. mulungu Greek ya machiritso amaganizira chthonic njoka mchiritsi. Kale, nyama zimenezi adzalemekezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha watsopano, nzeru ndi mphamvu ya zachilengedwe.

Mbali zina za chifanizo cha Asclepius - adzaupereka kwa m'badwo wa milungu ana (nkhani) amene encroached pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa latsopano dongosolo la dziko. Mchiritsi anaphunzira kuukitsa akufa, motero chophwanya bwino padziko lonse. Malamulo okhazikika ndi Olympians, anali kuopsezedwa, ndipo ndi chimene Asclepius analipira. Mulungu wa machiritso tsoka lake akufanana ngwazi zina anapandukira makolo wawo wamphamvu zonse.

Lililonse mulungu wa gulu Greek, anali "munda." Wake Ngakhale kuti amagwirizana ndi ntchito zachipatala, Asclepius, ena mbali wamba kuti Olympians ena. mlongo Apollo anali Atemi osati mbuye wa nyama ndi patroness ya kusaka, iye ankalambira komanso ngati mtetezi wa amayi apakati, ana ndi kudzisunga wamkazi. Mkazi wa Zeu, Hera mbamphedza ukwati ndi umoyo wa banja. Ndi pafupi zofanana zikugwirizana Hestia - wamkazi wa moto, chimwemwe ndi thanzi. N'kosatheka kukumbukira Hypnos. mulungu, yemwe anali m'mphepete mwa dziko, kenako zonse ndi wathanzi tulo anthu.

Banja ndi ana

Malinga ndi nthano, Asclepius anakwatira Epione, mwana wamkazi wa mkulu wa pachilumba cha Ko Meropsa. Kale malo awa ndi limodzi mwa madera chofunika kwambiri mankhwala wakale.

Mu Asclepius anali ndi ana angapo, komanso poyerekezera odziwika a Agiriki. Mulungu wa machiritso bambo Machaon - dokotala wotchuka ndi dokotala. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti ngakhale nawo Trojan nkhondo ndipo anabweretsa zombo 20. Swallowtail osati kumenyana kumbali ya Agiriki (Achaeans), komanso anachitira ndiwobvulazidwa. Dokotalayo anathandiza wotchuka Philoctetes akaponya analumidwa ndi njoka yapoizoni. chilonda anali oopsa, ku miyendo oozed mafinya. Atazungulira Troy, azungu onse sindikanakhoza kutenga mzinda. Iwo akusowa malangizo abwino. Ndiye milungu Greek kupulumutsidwa. Apollo analumphira Trojan gombe m'maloto zamatsenga, ndi mdzukulu wake Swallowtail opareshoni Philoctetes. Kenako anachira akaponya kuphedwa ndi Paris ku kampani anzake kukabisala Trojan kavalo imene Achaeans akadali analanda mzinda angaloŵe. Popeza amaloledwa zamoyo Karla Linneya wamba banja dzina Swallowtail agulugufe nazo izo mu ulemu wa mwana wake Asclepius.

The mwana wamkulu wa mulungu wa machiritso Hygieia - mulungu wa thanzi. Agiriki ankafotokozedwa ake ngati mtsikana kudyetsa njoka kwa mbale. M'malo mwa mwambo sayansi otchedwa Hygieia ukhondo. Komanso, zizindikiro za chikho ndi njoka anakhala makhalidwe lonse la mankhwala ndi mankhwala. Hygieia chotengera angapezeke mu sitolo mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi kuchipatala. Monga wakale mulungu Greek za machiritso, izo amagwirizana ndi njoka - miyambo chthonic cholengedwa Agiriki. kachiwiri Hygieia chotengera anadziwika kwa Ulaya m'zaka za m'ma XVIII mochedwa, pamene chizindikiro lalembedwa ndalama chamadzulo, kasitomala amene anali Parisian Society of Pharmacy.

mwana wotsatira wa Asclepius - Panakeya, amene wakhala yosonyeza machiritso. Mu dzina lake wotchedwa limathetseratu vuto lina lililonse - mankhwala lodziwika bwino matenda aliwonse. Chidwi chudodeystvuyuschemu mankhwala kuwukanso mu Ages Middle. asayansi European panthawi imeneyo ntchito mabuku akale, kuyesera kuti lithe katemera osadziwika. mankhwala A palibe amene anawapeza, koma okuluwika anapulumutsidwa. Other zochepa odziwika mwana wamkazi wa Asclepius - Iaso, Agleya, Meditrina ndi AKES. Onse a iwo ophunzitsidwa luso la machiritso bambo ake anzeru.

Mulungu wa machiritso Agiriki ankaona lakutali kholo la madokotala ambiri otchuka wakale, amene alipo ndi zoimbira. Hippocrates anali mbadwa ya Asclepius (adabadwa pa Ko mu 460 BC. E.), Ndipo ngakhale Aristotle (bambo wake ankagwira ntchito monga dokotala pa bwalo la mfumu Chimakedoniya).

Aesculapius

Mu 293 BC. e. ku Roma, ndi Mliri wa. Anthu mahandiredi ambiri anamwalira, ndi maulamuliro mzinda analibe kanthu kochita ndi zoopsa tsokali achilengedwe. Ndiye anamatetule Roma analangiza kumanga pa magombe a Tiber opatulika a Mulungu akale Greek ya machiritso Asclepius.

The Epidaurus wapita akazembe zazikulu. Aroma anakwanitsa kupeza chinenero ansembe a milungu wakale. Alendo anabwera kwa sitima, amishonale ndi kachisi wopatulika njoka - chizindikiro ndi mwini wake wa Asclepius. Animal anakakhala pa malo mwa ang'ono Rome Tiber Island (Isola Tiberina). Mu 291 BC. e. pa chidutswa cha dziko inamangidwa ndi odzipereka kachisi wa Asclepius. Mulungu wa machiritso mu nthano za Chiroma linali dzina la Aesculapius. Nthawi yoyamba ansembe ake ku Roma anali Ahelene. Ngati milungu ina yambiri ya gulu la City Wamuyaya, Aesculap ali anabwereka zinthu zambiri kuchokera kuloŵedwa m'malo Greek. Mwachitsanzo, nsembe iye anangotibweretsera roosters. Mulungu wa machiritso Aroma anali wotchuka makamaka pakati pa anthu. gulu lake la mpatuko mbisoweka mmodzi wa omaliza pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Christianity ndi Ufumu wa Chiroma.