Mafumu a Egypt: mndandanda, mbiri chidwi mfundo ndi mbali

Zotsatira za chitukuko zotsogola wakale, zinayambira mu Nile Valley, amakhala wamtengo wapatali kwa mibadwo. World wotchuka zinthu zakale kusunga zinsinsi zambiri ndi zinsinsi za pomanga mapiramidi chimphona anavutika akulimbana asayansi padziko lonse. Ancient Egypt ali palibe mofulumira kugawana zinsinsi, koma ife tikhoza kukuuzani mfundo yeniyeni ya Mafumu ulamuliro.

Mfundo Zina za Farao

Zingapo zikwi boma lolamuliridwa ndi Farao - woimira Mulungu padziko lapansi, kuti, amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi mphamvu zamatsenga. Iwo zonse muzochitika zones za moyo wa Aigupto, ndi ansembe adadzikweza atumiki awo, ngakhale ena mafumu kukhala zidole m'manja mwawo.

Anthu ankakhulupirira kuti wolamulira zimadalira dzuwa ndi kusasitsa za mbewu. Ndipo ngati mmene zinalili ndi kowopsya mliri pakati pa zinyama ndi anthu, nkhondo akuyamba, izo zimatanthauza mkwiyo wa milungu ngati kazembe wake.

Mafumu a Iguputo sankaloledwa kusakaniza magazi awo ndi anthu, kotero iwo anakwatira alongo awo poyamba, ndiyeno okha kuti akwatiwe ndi akazi wamba. Koma mpando wachifumu, anatengera achibale yekha anabadwa mwana.

Akazi, imene magazi Mulungu inalengeza ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo ngakhale analamulira Egypt mpaka ana awo aamuna anali sizinawakhudze kukhwima.

Amene anali tate wa mafumu woyamba wa Farao?

Asayansi sindikudziwa ndendende pamene boma Aigupto anabadwa, koma pambuyo maphunziro anapeza kuti pafupifupi zaka zikwi zitatu zapitazo, kale.

Adayambitsa mafumu woyamba ndi Mfumu Min. Iye anamanga mpanda wolimba, amene anadzakhala likulu ndi nyumba yachifumu. Memphis Farao wa United Egypt, ndi makhalidwe ake ambiri kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti Min - mapangidwe a oyamba atatu Afarao Predynastic nthawi ndi kukangana zonse zokhudzana ndi kupanda magwero olembedwa.

ufumu oyambirira

The lothandiza lotsatira, zimene zambiri amadziwika - oyambirira dynastic nthawi. Mafumu a achepetse yoyamba ndi yachiwiri Iguputo (Hora Aha, Hasehem) sankalimbana nafe kuletsedwa kupanduka onse, anagwirizana dzikoli kukhala boma centralized.

Nthawi imeneyi imayambira yopanga amtunduwu ndi zolembedwa ambiri umakhudza chikhalidwe cha nyengo zina. Egypt kukukhala dziko ndi wotukuka kwambiri ulimi.

ufumu wakale

Ufumu wakale amakhala ndi nkhondo zonse. Mafumu a chachitatu Iguputo - chitatu Mafumu (Sneferu, Djoser) atagonjetsa madera a kumpoto Nubia n'kulanda migodi mkuwa mu Sinai.

Afarao ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo boma ndi lidzasinthidwa despotism centralized.

Pa behest mfumu Zoser akuyamba kumanga manda pa Giza.

Mu ulamuliro wa Chachisanu Mafumu Afarao mphamvu akuyamba kufooketsa, pamene Egypt lagawidwa mayunitsi utsogoleri - noma.

Ufumu Middle

Board akhumi mafumu imagwera pa Ufumu Middle. Panthawi imeneyi, tili pa nkhondo ndi mafuko oyandikana, anamanga mpanda wolimba kumbuyo.

Mafumu (apolisi) Ancient Egypt - Amenemhet Ine, Senusret III - amazipanga akulemekezedwa anthu. Nthawi imeneyi zipangizo bwino ndipo pali zipangizo zamkuwa. Iwo anapatsidwa kutsogolera champhamvu pa chitukuko cha ulimi kudzera chilengedwe cha dongosolo ndi ulimi wothirira.

ufumu yatsopano

Ku New Ufumu, kumene analamulira XVIII-XX Mafumu (Thutmoses Ine, Hapshetsut, Amenhetep IV, Neko II), Egypt lidzasinthidwa boma wamphamvu. Mofulumira kwambiri kutukula chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa akaidi ntchito, golide kubedwa ndi ziweto.

Nthawi imeneyi ndi zipangizo ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo, kukhala kuswana ndi kupanga galasi. The luso la kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke mitembo ukufika ungwiro.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XI BC anapanga maufumu awiri, wotsika Egypt, amene lagawidwa m'madera osiyana ndi chapamwamba, lomwe likulu lake ku Thebes. olamulira Nubian ndi wamagazi nkhondo, poganiza kuti akagwire dziko.

Anamasula boma kwa adani anayambitsa mzera saisskoy Psammetichus I.

Asandilembe Aperezi ndi kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wa mafumu Igupto

ulamuliro Persian monga nthawi yeniyeni. Mlendo mfumu Kambisesi analengeza farao mafumu XXVII.

Ndipo mu 332 BC, pali dziko la Egypt A. Wamkulu, amene anamasulidwa dziko ku Persia. Nthawi ya Agiriki, ndi ulamuliro wa Farao yapita basi mpaka kalekale.

Afarao of Ancient Egypt: tebulo

The chibwenzi yeniyeni ya ulamuliro wa mafumu akadali nkhani kutsutsana pakati pa ophunzira. Tiyeni tione monga maziko tebulo mwambo potengera dongosolo la zinthu zofukulidwa pulofesa P. Nicholson ndi Ph.D. J. Shaw, kuphatikizapo olamulira zofunika kwambiri.

Kulambira kwa akufa

Ponena za mafumu Aigupto, osanenapo ubale wapadera imfa ya Aigupto, zimene zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa mwambo wa akufa. Anthu ankakhulupirira kuti mzimu wa munthu sufa, kupita kudziko lina. Iye akhapidziwa kuti ndi kusunga thupi bwino akhoza kubwerera, kotero maliro mpatuko zinali zochokera mtembo ndi kukonzera mitembo kuti isawonongeke a munthu wakufa.

luso m'dera limeneli anali ansembe amene anaphunzira kusunga thupi Farao wosabvunda.

Iye akhapidziwa kuti mafumu a Iguputo ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake analamulira ku moyo, kotero miyambo kwambiri. Afarao pa moyo wa anaganiza za muyaya ndi pa Giza Plateau mapiramidi zinamangidwa, pamene amasanduka malo a manda a akazembe a milungu.

malo opatulika

The odziwika bwino Valley ya Mafumu mu Igupto, unali zosiyana mzinda wa Thebes (Luxor) - ndi malo apadera, kumene Afarao m'manda. Kufikira tsopano, amaitana ofufuza mbiri ya chitukuko wakale. zaka makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri zapitazo izo zinali zobvomerezeka UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Wopatulika Valley wa mosamala kulondera kuteteza looting manda, koma kufooka kwa mphamvu ya Farao kumeneko achifwamba ndi apaulendo amene amachita mpaka kalekale zoipa sarcophagi.

Napoleon a ulendo, amene anafika ndi cholinga cha dziko la Egypt, anali gulu loyamba, amene analipo m'manda makadi. Potsatira buku la ntchito zoyenera manda Fivskim kuyamba sayansi ulendo kudziwika akatswiriwa apeza zinthu zambiri zofunika.

Chisokonezo ndi manda

Woyamba m'manda mu Valley la Mafumu anakhala Thutmose Ine, ndi vuto lalikulu ndi kuti palibe amene akudziwa chimene mtundu wa mandawo upokoit. chisokonezo ichi alipo ndi manda ena, ngakhale Egyptologists amakhulupirira kuti mafumu onse Mwiguputoyo anali ndi zipinda manda payekha, anamanga makamaka iwo.

Mu 1827 wotchuka wasayansi D. G. Vilkinson anatumikila m'manda zisinthe sayansi kumanga analipo kuyambira KV mtima. Service kutsinde anatumizidwa makalata Latin yekha. Mwachitsanzo, wotchuka manda a Tutankhamun anatumizidwa nambala 62 KV.

Ofufuza amadziwika m'manda 64, iwowa akadali pang'ono anamvetsa.

Kuopa looting manda

Mpaka XV m'ma BC, Farao ndi anakwiriridwa mwambo wapadera pa mapiramidi anamanga pamoyo wawo. Olamulira ankalamulira ntchito ndi kusamalira osati za malo m'manda, komanso banja zinthu kuti adzakhala nawo mu dziko maliro, chifukwa ngakhale mu gawo la Osirisi, mulungu wa abwanamkubwa ayenera munthu wabwinobwino. Amatero mbiri yakale.

Mafumu a Iguputo anawaika m'manda ku sarcophagi, bejeweled. The Shrine mu mapiramidi pa Giza yachonde anagonjetsa ndi anadetsa perezahoranivalis Malemu kapena m'dzina la chipembedzo. Nkhanza mantha Thutmose Ine anasintha miyambo anakhazikitsa. Iye analamula kuti wamuika m'manda mu kwaokha ndi m'ngaka, amene wakhala akuya mu chigwa.

Masking la achifwamba

manda onse wotsatira analaswa mu thanthwe, makomo anali ananamizira ngati miyala, ndiponso pa mseu anakonza misampha zosiyanasiyana achifwamba. bwino amenewa anakana chipinda manda, amene anapuma Farao - Mfumu Egypt.

Asayansi apeza kuti City wa Yakufa Thebes sunapewe tsoka chisoni, ndipo manda mu Valley anayamba kufunkha nthawi ya ulamuliro wa XX-XXI mzera wa Farao. akuluakulu Senior la Egypt anagulitsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi golide m'manda, amene iwo anadutsa m'manda omanga amene sanalandire ndalama pa ntchito.

Lero, Valley ya Mafumu ndi malo apadera, nachitira umboni kwa wakale mbiri ya Iguputo. Anaipeza mu malo ofunika pofukula waunikira zochitika zimenezo anayamba kutukuka, chimene chiri chofunika kwambiri mpaka kalekale m'mibadwo yanu.