The m'mbiri yakale ya Iguputo. Culture, Farao, mapiramidi

Olemera ndi wokongola wakale mbiri. Egypt, Babulo, Yerusalemu - maina awa ali pafupi ndi wokondedwa kwa munthu aliyense amene kutali ndi mibadwo bwino za chitukuko cha anthu. Taonani nkhani imeneyi chikhalidwe cha Iguputo.

Kodi boma Iguputo?

Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, maphunziro onse, Igupto, unakhazikitsidwa mu Africa North, mu chigwa cha mtsinje waukulu wotchedwa Nile. chitukuko ili, pamodzi ndi Indian ndi Chinese, mbewu chachikale chinkawavuta ulimi. Magwero a boma Aigupto kunyamula 4-5 Zakachikwi BC.

Today pali sayansi lonse - Egyptology, amene amaphunzira chitukuko cha Aigupto monga kukhulupirika logwirizana ndi osiyanasiyana.

Akatswiri a mbiri yakale kudziwa magawo potsatira chitukuko cha boma:

1. Pre-dynastic Egypt.
2. Kale ufumu.
3. Ufumu wakale.
4. Middle Ufumu.
5. Ufumu yatsopano.
6. Kenako ufumu.
7. Nthawi ya ulamuliro wa Ptolemy.

Mbiri yakale ya Iguputo chiyambi cha njira zakale

maphunziro Public m'dziko lino ikuyamba ndi chakuti mitengo iwiri anapanga cha Upper ndi wotsika Egypt. Likulu la boma chatsopano mzinda wa Menfis. Yogwirizanitsa njira magawo awiri Egypt akugwirizira Menez wolamulira. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi kufunika mabungwe amati: hieroglyphics, asilikali, zipembedzo ndi mfundo zake.

ndi heyday wa boma

Egypt anafika chitukuko lake lalikulu pakati pa mbiri yake. nthawi imeneyi imatchedwa nthawi dynastic, pamene pampando wachifumu anatsatira wina mzera wa Farao.

Mfundo yakuti mu Iguputo wapadera mpatuko achipembedzo analengedwa, amene, kuwonjezera pa deification wa zachilengedwe, anaphatikizapo ndi deification wa munthu mfumu. Afarao mphamvu anali yaikulu, chifukwa iye anali munthu wa anthu onse padziko lapansi. Choncho, ngati Farao ndi moyo wolungama, zasangalatsa milungu, ndi anthu ake anapulumutsidwa mu kuli pafupi.

Choncho mwapadera kuteteza matupi akufa, chifukwa zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo kuyembekezera chiwukitsiro cha thupi. Woyamba mapiramidi Aigupto zinamangidwa monga m'manda yaikulu ndi otchuka pakati pa Farao akufa.

ndi manda a otchuka kwambiri chiyani?

Anatinso Afarao wakufayo m'manda mu Valley la Mafumu. matupi awo mummified, ndipo pamodzi ndi sarcophagus Mipikisano magawo kuika kwambiri luso ndi moyo. Komabe, pakati pa mbiri yake, Aiguputo anayamba kumanga manda zazikulu kwa Farao, analandira dzina la piramidi.

Lero, wotchuka kwambiri manda a Farao Djoser piramidi mawonekedwe, atsogoleri a Cheops ndi Chephren. mapiramidi Awa ndi nyumba zazikulu, kusiya lakuthwa triangular kumapeto mu mlengalenga.

Mpaka pano, pali malingaliro ambiri chifukwa iwo zinamangidwa, momwe iwo anamanga mapulani wakale ndi ambuye, chifukwa pomanga mapiramidi itatha mwadzidzidzi.

Mfundo kumasiye kukopa tcheru ndi alendo chidwi, asayansi ndi tcheru. Ndipotu, ndendende chifukwa cha m'manda yakale ndipo unali wotseguka ku Masiku ano otchuka Aigupto chikhalidwe. Izo zinachitika kutangotsala atumwi wotsiriza, pamene Egypt anakhala Britain. Kuti asayansi British anatha unearth okha manda osafikiridwa ya mnyamata Farao Tutankhamun.

chitukuko cha Aigupto: malemba awo

Egyptologists Modern kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma zotsiriza patsogolo kutali kwambiri. Masiku ano, pali ambiri a magwero amene angakuthandizeni kudziwa zambiri zokhudza chikhalidwe wakale. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Wamkulu komanso woyamba adziwe ndi Aigupto kakale script. Kwa nthawi yaitali, chitukuko ichi wakale ndi chinsinsi, chifukwa kalembedwe kakale sizinali bwino mwamtheradi azungu. The yojambula weniweni Egyptology wapanga French wasayansi Jean-Fransua Shampolon, amene anatha kumvetsa chinenero cha anthu akale. Mwa njira, pa kugunda ichi ndi asayansi a ku Britain, koma anali Champollion ankadziwa kuti kutembenukira kwa chinenero Chikoputiki - mbadwa ya Aiguputo akale, amene Ine m'ma AD anatengera Chikhristu ndi kwathunthu anasiya achikunja cholowa.

chitukuko cha Aigupto: Mabuku a anthu okhala pafupi

Gwero chachiwiri cha chidziwitso cha chitukuko cha Igupto, ndi malemba a olemba Greek ndi ntchito za mbiri yakale wa masiku amakedzana. Komabe, ubale Egypt ndi States zina zinali zovuta, kotero mfundo anapereka zipangizo penapake osocheretsa.

Ndipo potsiriza, gwero atsopano zokhudza chitukuko cha Aigupto anayamba malemba. Dzina la boma ndi amapezeka Malemba Opatulika ndi malemba ena achipembedzo achiyuda. Makamaka limafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane eksodo Unyinji wa anthu achiyuda ku Egypt (lomwe zikutsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro a akatswiri a masiku ano). Ilo liri mu Baibulo limatiuza kuti chitukuko wakale wa m'tsogolo adzataya mphamvu yake ndipo adzakhala boma wamba.

art Igupto

Ku Egypt ufumu analowa mbiri ya anthu ndipo monga boma chomwe analengedwera zipilala wamkulu wa chosema, zomangamanga ndi kupenta. owonetsera zakale zamakono nthawi zambiri adzalandira ndendende zipilala anthu chikhalidwe zimene zasungidwa m'manda ku Iguputo. Onse a iwo zokhudzana ndi zipembedzo. Kwenikweni, wapereka ziboliboli za milungu ya Aiguputo ndi yaikazi, moyo wa munthu wakufa, zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa zitsulo zamtengo wapatali ndi kukongola chodabwitsa zidutswa mipando (mipando losema, golide-yokutidwa ndi zojambula mochita kugoba chosema pa iwo, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Mumadziwika frescoes wapadera Aigupto, omwe analembedwa ndi utoto zachilengedwe, choncho anasunga mu nyengo youma Iguputo. mitundu yaikulu: wofiira, wakuda, buluu, yoyera, chikasu ndipo anakwiya. Iwo akamachita zithunzi za moyo bwalo ndi zojambula achipembedzo pa mutu wa bwalo kupitirira manda zomwe iliyonse moyo pambuyo pa imfa.

Sunset chitukuko cha Aigupto

Mu ufumu mochedwa boma anagwera mu kuvunda, choncho unagonjetsedwa ndi ufumu wa Roma. Izo zinachitika motere: pampando wachifumu m'malo ndi Farao ambiri. Ena a iwo akhala kanjedza kwambiri anthu (monga Amenhetep III). mafumu awa kwambiri anawonjezera malire a chuma chawo, kuwabweretsa iwo ndi gawo la Syria.

Afarao ena kapena pang'ono m'zochitika pagulu, ngati, akufuna kusintha kwakukulu. Choncho wokonzanso Akhenaten anali tate wa Tutankhamun, amene analota za kulenga latsopano mpatuko achipembedzo Sun Mulungu (Ra). Komabe, kusintha wake mwalephera, ndipo boma anagwera mu kuwonongeka.

Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira za kuchepa Igupto

Pang'onopang'ono kuchepa kwa mphamvu ya azambiriyakale Aigupto zakhala zikunena zinthu ziwiri: kuchepa kwa dongosolo lakale la chipembedzo pa deification wa Farao ndi Iguputo osankhika Fuko kulimbana.

The chochitika choyamba zinali zofunika kwambiri ndi boma, umene unachitikira pa chikhulupiriro choti mfumu, bambo wa anthu, angathe kubweretsa anthu ake onse chosafa ndi Mulungu. Mafumu zambiri zinthu kosayenera, ndipo zinali zoonekeratu ngakhale anthu wamba. Komanso, nyumba analamulira miseche, intrigue ndi kupha (by njira, Egyptologists ambiri amati ambiri a mafumu a Farao sanafune angafe).

Fuko kulimbana mkati osankhika Aigupto kunakulirakulira ndipo zinachititsa kuti chakuti atsogoleri a asilikali ananena okha Farao ndipo ankafuna kusintha mbali zina za Egypt. Izi zinapangitsa boma ofooka, unagawanika Choncho chiopsezo makamu a limati zina.

Zonsezi zinachititsa chakuti Egypt wagwa wamng'ono ndi wonyada mtsogoleri wa asilikali Alexander Wamkulu, wodziwika pozunzidwa mwankhanza a asilikali. Ndipo pambuyo aang'ono ndi imfa ya nthumbi ya mgonjetsi wa boma Aigupto wadutsa mmodzi wa anzake - Ptolemy.

Choncho anayamba ulamuliro wa Ptolemaic mafumu boma mlendo. Likulu Igupto anali kenako anasamukira ku mzinda wa Alexandria, amene anali wotchuka kwa zaka zambiri chifukwa laibulale chodabwitsa. The Egypt chomwecho mtundu kamodzi wamphamvu inasanduka dziko ulimi zomwe ndi zofunika chakudya cha dziko wakale.

Ufumu wakale anataya ufulu wodzilamulira muyaya. Mfumukazi lotsiriza la Tolemi anali mtundu wa wotchuka kukongola Cleopatra. Iye anadzipha atazindikira kuti asilikali achiroma okonzeka kumana ake pa mpando wachifumu wake. Popeza kuti Igupto ndi limodzi mwa maiko yoopsa Roma.

Kutanthauza kuteteza Egypt

Ambiri a m'nthawi yathu bwino mbiri yakale. Egypt ndi pakati limati oyambirira ena ndi malo a ulemu. Alendo ambiri tsopano mu dziko lino osati chifukwa cha nyengo yake ofunda, mochuluka kwa ulendo zodabwitsa malo wakale.

Chitukuko anthu ndafika ku Iguputo chitukuko. Iye anachita chitsanzo cha dongosolo boma. A amphamvu ndi cohesive chilli ndi mabungwe amenewa chikhalidwe monga asilikali imayenera chitukuko cha dongosolo ndi maganizo, kachitidwe ka maphunziro ndi maphunziro, kupereka zotsatira zabwino kwambiri wonse. boma akukhala mtsogoleri mwa anansi ake, tingathe kufunsira udindo, ndipo amapatsa anthu ake otetezeka wachibale ndi chidaliro.

Osiyanasiyana wakale mbiri ya Iguputo ndi chitukuko ake - chitsanzo chachikulu cha boma.

Mwa njira, ulosi wa m'Baibulo unakwaniritsidwa mkubwela kwa nyengo yatsopano ya chitukuko wakale muyaya anataya udindo wake monga mphamvu kwambiri.

Kenako boma pansi kuti agonjetse Arab, lero, Egypt ndi limodzi mwa mayiko amene Arab. anthu akomweko, wotchedwa Copts, anakumana ndi ena kusalana chifukwa chakuti T. Kwa. Anthu awa ndi Akhristu okhala m'dziko Muslim.